RogerNicholson: rm

2010-03-20T23:48:22Z

RogerNicholson: /* Translating the plates */ rm

2010-03-19T05:06:38Z

Translating the plates: rm

← Vanhempi versio		Versio 19. maaliskuuta 2010 kello 05.06
Rivi 1:		Rivi 1:
	~~===Translating the plates===~~
	~~{{See also\|Life of Joseph Smith, Jr. from 1827 to 1830}}~~

	Joseph Smith said that the plates were engraved in an unknown language, and Smith told associates that he was capable of reading and translating them. This translation took place mainly in [[Harmony Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania\|Harmony, Pennsylvania]] (now [[Oakland Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania\|Oakland Township]]), Emma's hometown, where Smith and his wife had moved in October 1827 with financial assistance from a prominent, though superstitious, Palmyra landowner [[Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints)\|Martin Harris]].<!--

	FOOTNOTE--><ref>The local Presbyterian minister, Jesse Townsend, described Harris as a "visionary fanatic". A acquaintance, Lorenzo Saunders, said, "There can't anybody say word against Martin Harris...a man that would do just as he agreed with you. But he was a great man for seeing spooks." {{Harv\|Walker\|1986\|p=35}}.</ref><!--

	--> The translation occurred in two phases: the first, from December 1827 to June 1828, during which Smith [[Anthon transcript\|transcribed some of the characters]] and then dictated [[Lost 116 pages\|116 manuscript pages]] to Harris, which were lost. The second phase began sporadically in early 1829 and then in earnest in April 1829 with the arrival of [[Oliver Cowdery]], a schoolteacher who volunteered to serve as Smith's full-time scribe. In June 1829, Smith and Cowdery moved to [[Fayette, New York]], completing the translation early the following month.

	~~[[Image:JosephSmithTranslating.jpg\|225px\|thumb\|right\| Joseph Smith translating the golden plates.]]~~
	Smith used scribes to write the words he said were a translation of the golden plates, dictating these words while peering into [[Seer stone (Latter Day Saints)\|seer stones]], which he said allowed him to see the translation. Smith's translation ability evolved naturally out of his earlier treasure seeking,<ref>{{Harvtxt\|Bushman\|2005\|p=73}}.</ref> and he used a process that was "strikingly similar" to the way Smith used seer stones for treasure hunting.<ref>{{Harvtxt\|Quinn\|1998\|p=171}}</ref> For the earliest phase of translation, Smith said that he translated using what he called the "[[Urim and Thummim]]"—a set of large spectacles with stones where the eye-pieces should be.<!--

	FOOTNOTE--><ref>{{Harvtxt\|Smith\|Mulholland\|Thompson\|Phelps\|1838a\|p=5}}. Early followers of Smith used the term ''Urim and Thummim'' to refer both to these large spectacles and Smith's other seer stones, most notably one commonly called the "Chase stone" that Smith had found in a Palmyra well during the early 1820s{{Harv\|Van Wagoner\|Walker\|1982\|pp=59–62}}; {{Harvtxt\|Quinn\|1998\|p=171}}.</ref><!--

	~~--> There is no eye-witness testimony that Smith ever wore the large spectacles, although some witnesses understood that he placed them in his hat while translating.<!--~~

	FOOTNOTE--><ref>{{Harvtxt\|Quinn\|1998\|p=169–70}}. [[Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints)\|Martin Harris]], one of Smith's scribes, is reported to have said that the spectacles were made for a giant, and would not have been wearable by Joseph Smith {{Harv\|Anton\|1834}}. [[David Whitmer]], another scribe, also said that the spectacles were larger than normal spectacles, and indicated that Smith placed them in his hat while translating, rather than wearing them {{Harv\|Whitmer\|1875}}. However, a man who interviewed Smith's father in 1830 said that Smith did at least some of the translation while wearing the spectacles {{Harv\|Lapham\|1870}}.</ref><!--

	~~--> Witnesses did observe Smith using a single seer stone (not part of a set of spectacles) in the translation,<!--~~

	~~FOOTNOTE--><ref>{{Harvtxt\|Hale\|1834\|p=265}}; {{Harvtxt\|Smith\|1879\|pp=536-40}}; {{Harv\|Van Wagoner\|Walker\|1982\|pp=59–62}} (containing an overview of witnesses to the translation process).</ref><!--~~

	~~--> the same brown stone Smith had earlier used for treasure seeking.<!--~~

	FOOTNOTE--><ref>{{Harvtxt\|Quinn\|1998\|p=172}}. Smith's father-in-law, Isaac Hale, said that the "manner in which he pretended to read and interpret was the same as when he looked for the money-diggers, with the stone in his hat, and his hat over his face, while the Book of Plates were at the same time hid in the woods!" {{Harv\|Hale\|1834\|p=265}}.</ref>

	Consensus holds that Smith used a single stone during the second phase of translation.<ref>{{Harvtxt\|Van Wagoner\|1982\|p=53}}.</ref> Smith placed the stone in a hat, buried his face in it to eliminate all outside light, and peered into the stone to see the words of the translation.<!--

	FOOTNOTE--><ref>{{Harvtxt\|Whitmer\|1875}} ("Having placed the Urim and Thummim in his hat, Joseph placed the hat over his face, and with prophetic eyes read the invisible symbols syllable by syllable and word by word."). Michael Morse, Smith's brother-in-law, stating that he watched Smith on several occasions: "The mode of procedure consisted in Joseph's placing the Seer Stone in the crown of a hat, then putting his face into the hat, so as to entirely cover his face." ({{Harvnb\|Van Wagoner\|Walker\|1982\|52–53}}, quoting W.W. Blair, ''Latter Day Saints' Herald'' 26 (15 Nov. 1879): 341, who was quoting Michael Morse). Smith's wife Emma stated that she took dictation from her husband as she sat next to him, and that he would put his face into a hat with the stone in it, dictating for hours at a time. {{Harv\|Smith\|1879\|pp=536-40}}.</ref><!--

	~~--> A few times during the translation, a curtain or blanket was raised between Smith and his scribe or between the living area and the area where Smith and his scribe worked.<!--~~

	FOOTNOTE--><ref>{{Harvtxt\|Cook\|1991\|p=173}}. However, Elizabeth Ann Whitmer, later to be the wife of scribe [[Oliver Cowdery]], said she had never seen a curtain raised between Smith and Cowdery or her brothers while translation took place in the Whitmer home {{Harv\|Van Wagoner\|Walker\|1982\|p=51}}.</ref><!--

	~~--> Sometimes Smith dictated to [[Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints)\|Martin Harris]] from upstairs or from a different room.<!--~~

	~~FOOTNOTE--><ref>{{Harvtxt\|Howe\|1834\|p=14}}.</ref>~~

	Smith's "[[translation]]" did not require any use of the plates themselves.<ref>{{Harvtxt\|Marquardt\|2005\|p=97}}; {{Harv\|Van Wagoner\|Walker\|1982\|pp=53}}.</ref> As he looked into the stone, Smith told his friends and family that the written translation of the ancient script appeared to him in English.<ref>{{Harvtxt\|Bushman\|2005\|p=72}}; {{Harvtxt\|Quinn\|1998\|p=170}}.</ref> There are several proposed explanations for how Smith composed his translation. In the 19th century, the most common explanation was that he [[Spalding–Rigdon theory of Book of Mormon authorship\|plagiarized the work]] from a manuscript written by [[Solomon Spaulding]].<ref>{{Harvtxt\|Quinn\|1998\|p=455 n.273}} (most common 19th century theory); {{Harvtxt\|Brodie\|1971\|p=68}}.</ref> This theory is deemed to be repudiated by Smith's preeminent modern biographers.<ref>{{Harvtxt\|Brodie\|1971\|pp=143–44}}; {{Harvtxt\|Bushman\|2005\|pp=90–91}}; {{Harvtxt\|Quinn\|1998\|p=455 n.273}} (arguing that the theory has been repudiated).</ref> The most prominent modern theory is that Smith composed the translation in response to the provincial opinions of his time,<ref>{{Harvtxt\|Brodie\|1971\|p=69}}; {{Harvtxt\|Bushman\|2005\|p=72}}).</ref> perhaps while in a magical trance-like state.<ref>{{Harvtxt\|Bloom\|1992\|p=86}}; {{Harvtxt\|Riley\|1902\|p=84, 195}}.</ref> As a matter of faith, [[Latter Day Saint]]s generally view the translation process as either an automatic process of transcribing text written within the stone,<ref>{{Harvtxt\|Bushman\|2005\|p=72}} (arguing that this transcription method is the only one consistent with the historical record).</ref> or an intuitive translation by Smith assisted by a [[Christian mysticism\|mystical]] connection with God through the stone.<ref>{{Harvtxt\|Quinn\|1998}pp=479 n.302, 482 n.335}} (expressing his personal view shared by several other [[Mormon apologetics\|Mormon apologists]], and noting that while this view might pose problems vis-à-vis the historical record, it helps explain the origin of the Book of Mormon's grammatical mistakes).</ref>

	~~Smith's dictations were written down by a number of assistants including [[Emma Hale Smith\|Emma Smith]], [[Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints)\|Martin Harris]], and notably, [[Oliver Cowdery]].<!--~~

	FOOTNOTE--><ref>{{Harvtxt\|Clark\|1842}} ("Although in the same room, a thick curtain or blanket was suspended between them, and Smith concealed behind the blanket, pretended to look through his spectacles, or transparent stones, and would then write down or repeat what he saw, which when repeated aloud, was written down by Harris."); {{Harvtxt\|Benton\|1831}} ("Oliver Cowdery, one of the three witnesses to the book, testified under oath, that said Smith...translated his book [with] two transparent stones, resembling glass, set in silver bows. That by looking through these, he was able to read in English, the reformed Egyptian characters, which were engraved on the plates.").</ref><!--

	--> In May 1829, after Smith had lent [[lost 116 pages\|116 un-duplicated manuscript pages]] to Martin Harris, and Harris had lost them, Smith dictated a revelation explaining that Smith could not simply re-translate the lost pages because his opponents would attempt to see if he could "bring forth the same words again."<!--

	~~FOOTNOTE--><ref>{{Harvtxt\|Phelps\|1833\|p=24}}.</ref><!--~~

	--> According to [[Grant Palmer]], Smith believed "a second transcription would be identical to the first. This confirms the view that the English text existed in some kind of unalterable, spiritual form rather than that someone had to think through difficult conceptual issues and idioms, always resulting in variants in any translation."<!--

	~~FOOTNOTE--><ref>{{Harvtxt\|Palmer\|2002\|p=7}}.</ref>~~

	===Reputed location of the plates during translation===		===Reputed location of the plates during translation===
	When Joseph and Emma moved to Pennsylvania in October 1827, they transported a wooden box, which Smith said contained the plates, hidden in a barrel of beans.<!--		When Joseph and Emma moved to Pennsylvania in October 1827, they transported a wooden box, which Smith said contained the plates, hidden in a barrel of beans.<!--

RogerNicholson: /* Receiving the plates */ rm

2010-03-19T04:28:29Z

Receiving the plates: rm

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RogerNicholson: save

2010-03-14T01:41:34Z

save

Näytä muutokset

← Vanhempi versio		Versio 19. maaliskuuta 2010 kello 05.06
Rivi 1:		Rivi 1:
	~~===Translating the plates===~~
	~~{{See also\|Life of Joseph Smith, Jr. from 1827 to 1830}}~~

	Joseph Smith said that the plates were engraved in an unknown language, and Smith told associates that he was capable of reading and translating them. This translation took place mainly in [[Harmony Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania\|Harmony, Pennsylvania]] (now [[Oakland Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania\|Oakland Township]]), Emma's hometown, where Smith and his wife had moved in October 1827 with financial assistance from a prominent, though superstitious, Palmyra landowner [[Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints)\|Martin Harris]].<!--

	FOOTNOTE--><ref>The local Presbyterian minister, Jesse Townsend, described Harris as a "visionary fanatic". A acquaintance, Lorenzo Saunders, said, "There can't anybody say word against Martin Harris...a man that would do just as he agreed with you. But he was a great man for seeing spooks." {{Harv\|Walker\|1986\|p=35}}.</ref><!--

	--> The translation occurred in two phases: the first, from December 1827 to June 1828, during which Smith [[Anthon transcript\|transcribed some of the characters]] and then dictated [[Lost 116 pages\|116 manuscript pages]] to Harris, which were lost. The second phase began sporadically in early 1829 and then in earnest in April 1829 with the arrival of [[Oliver Cowdery]], a schoolteacher who volunteered to serve as Smith's full-time scribe. In June 1829, Smith and Cowdery moved to [[Fayette, New York]], completing the translation early the following month.

	~~[[Image:JosephSmithTranslating.jpg\|225px\|thumb\|right\| Joseph Smith translating the golden plates.]]~~
	Smith used scribes to write the words he said were a translation of the golden plates, dictating these words while peering into [[Seer stone (Latter Day Saints)\|seer stones]], which he said allowed him to see the translation. Smith's translation ability evolved naturally out of his earlier treasure seeking,<ref>{{Harvtxt\|Bushman\|2005\|p=73}}.</ref> and he used a process that was "strikingly similar" to the way Smith used seer stones for treasure hunting.<ref>{{Harvtxt\|Quinn\|1998\|p=171}}</ref> For the earliest phase of translation, Smith said that he translated using what he called the "[[Urim and Thummim]]"—a set of large spectacles with stones where the eye-pieces should be.<!--

	FOOTNOTE--><ref>{{Harvtxt\|Smith\|Mulholland\|Thompson\|Phelps\|1838a\|p=5}}. Early followers of Smith used the term ''Urim and Thummim'' to refer both to these large spectacles and Smith's other seer stones, most notably one commonly called the "Chase stone" that Smith had found in a Palmyra well during the early 1820s{{Harv\|Van Wagoner\|Walker\|1982\|pp=59–62}}; {{Harvtxt\|Quinn\|1998\|p=171}}.</ref><!--

	~~--> There is no eye-witness testimony that Smith ever wore the large spectacles, although some witnesses understood that he placed them in his hat while translating.<!--~~

	FOOTNOTE--><ref>{{Harvtxt\|Quinn\|1998\|p=169–70}}. [[Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints)\|Martin Harris]], one of Smith's scribes, is reported to have said that the spectacles were made for a giant, and would not have been wearable by Joseph Smith {{Harv\|Anton\|1834}}. [[David Whitmer]], another scribe, also said that the spectacles were larger than normal spectacles, and indicated that Smith placed them in his hat while translating, rather than wearing them {{Harv\|Whitmer\|1875}}. However, a man who interviewed Smith's father in 1830 said that Smith did at least some of the translation while wearing the spectacles {{Harv\|Lapham\|1870}}.</ref><!--

	~~--> Witnesses did observe Smith using a single seer stone (not part of a set of spectacles) in the translation,<!--~~

	~~FOOTNOTE--><ref>{{Harvtxt\|Hale\|1834\|p=265}}; {{Harvtxt\|Smith\|1879\|pp=536-40}}; {{Harv\|Van Wagoner\|Walker\|1982\|pp=59–62}} (containing an overview of witnesses to the translation process).</ref><!--~~

	~~--> the same brown stone Smith had earlier used for treasure seeking.<!--~~

	FOOTNOTE--><ref>{{Harvtxt\|Quinn\|1998\|p=172}}. Smith's father-in-law, Isaac Hale, said that the "manner in which he pretended to read and interpret was the same as when he looked for the money-diggers, with the stone in his hat, and his hat over his face, while the Book of Plates were at the same time hid in the woods!" {{Harv\|Hale\|1834\|p=265}}.</ref>

	Consensus holds that Smith used a single stone during the second phase of translation.<ref>{{Harvtxt\|Van Wagoner\|1982\|p=53}}.</ref> Smith placed the stone in a hat, buried his face in it to eliminate all outside light, and peered into the stone to see the words of the translation.<!--

	FOOTNOTE--><ref>{{Harvtxt\|Whitmer\|1875}} ("Having placed the Urim and Thummim in his hat, Joseph placed the hat over his face, and with prophetic eyes read the invisible symbols syllable by syllable and word by word."). Michael Morse, Smith's brother-in-law, stating that he watched Smith on several occasions: "The mode of procedure consisted in Joseph's placing the Seer Stone in the crown of a hat, then putting his face into the hat, so as to entirely cover his face." ({{Harvnb\|Van Wagoner\|Walker\|1982\|52–53}}, quoting W.W. Blair, ''Latter Day Saints' Herald'' 26 (15 Nov. 1879): 341, who was quoting Michael Morse). Smith's wife Emma stated that she took dictation from her husband as she sat next to him, and that he would put his face into a hat with the stone in it, dictating for hours at a time. {{Harv\|Smith\|1879\|pp=536-40}}.</ref><!--

	~~--> A few times during the translation, a curtain or blanket was raised between Smith and his scribe or between the living area and the area where Smith and his scribe worked.<!--~~

	FOOTNOTE--><ref>{{Harvtxt\|Cook\|1991\|p=173}}. However, Elizabeth Ann Whitmer, later to be the wife of scribe [[Oliver Cowdery]], said she had never seen a curtain raised between Smith and Cowdery or her brothers while translation took place in the Whitmer home {{Harv\|Van Wagoner\|Walker\|1982\|p=51}}.</ref><!--

	~~--> Sometimes Smith dictated to [[Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints)\|Martin Harris]] from upstairs or from a different room.<!--~~

	~~FOOTNOTE--><ref>{{Harvtxt\|Howe\|1834\|p=14}}.</ref>~~

	Smith's "[[translation]]" did not require any use of the plates themselves.<ref>{{Harvtxt\|Marquardt\|2005\|p=97}}; {{Harv\|Van Wagoner\|Walker\|1982\|pp=53}}.</ref> As he looked into the stone, Smith told his friends and family that the written translation of the ancient script appeared to him in English.<ref>{{Harvtxt\|Bushman\|2005\|p=72}}; {{Harvtxt\|Quinn\|1998\|p=170}}.</ref> There are several proposed explanations for how Smith composed his translation. In the 19th century, the most common explanation was that he [[Spalding–Rigdon theory of Book of Mormon authorship\|plagiarized the work]] from a manuscript written by [[Solomon Spaulding]].<ref>{{Harvtxt\|Quinn\|1998\|p=455 n.273}} (most common 19th century theory); {{Harvtxt\|Brodie\|1971\|p=68}}.</ref> This theory is deemed to be repudiated by Smith's preeminent modern biographers.<ref>{{Harvtxt\|Brodie\|1971\|pp=143–44}}; {{Harvtxt\|Bushman\|2005\|pp=90–91}}; {{Harvtxt\|Quinn\|1998\|p=455 n.273}} (arguing that the theory has been repudiated).</ref> The most prominent modern theory is that Smith composed the translation in response to the provincial opinions of his time,<ref>{{Harvtxt\|Brodie\|1971\|p=69}}; {{Harvtxt\|Bushman\|2005\|p=72}}).</ref> perhaps while in a magical trance-like state.<ref>{{Harvtxt\|Bloom\|1992\|p=86}}; {{Harvtxt\|Riley\|1902\|p=84, 195}}.</ref> As a matter of faith, [[Latter Day Saint]]s generally view the translation process as either an automatic process of transcribing text written within the stone,<ref>{{Harvtxt\|Bushman\|2005\|p=72}} (arguing that this transcription method is the only one consistent with the historical record).</ref> or an intuitive translation by Smith assisted by a [[Christian mysticism\|mystical]] connection with God through the stone.<ref>{{Harvtxt\|Quinn\|1998}pp=479 n.302, 482 n.335}} (expressing his personal view shared by several other [[Mormon apologetics\|Mormon apologists]], and noting that while this view might pose problems vis-à-vis the historical record, it helps explain the origin of the Book of Mormon's grammatical mistakes).</ref>

	~~Smith's dictations were written down by a number of assistants including [[Emma Hale Smith\|Emma Smith]], [[Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints)\|Martin Harris]], and notably, [[Oliver Cowdery]].<!--~~

	FOOTNOTE--><ref>{{Harvtxt\|Clark\|1842}} ("Although in the same room, a thick curtain or blanket was suspended between them, and Smith concealed behind the blanket, pretended to look through his spectacles, or transparent stones, and would then write down or repeat what he saw, which when repeated aloud, was written down by Harris."); {{Harvtxt\|Benton\|1831}} ("Oliver Cowdery, one of the three witnesses to the book, testified under oath, that said Smith...translated his book [with] two transparent stones, resembling glass, set in silver bows. That by looking through these, he was able to read in English, the reformed Egyptian characters, which were engraved on the plates.").</ref><!--

	--> In May 1829, after Smith had lent [[lost 116 pages\|116 un-duplicated manuscript pages]] to Martin Harris, and Harris had lost them, Smith dictated a revelation explaining that Smith could not simply re-translate the lost pages because his opponents would attempt to see if he could "bring forth the same words again."<!--

	~~FOOTNOTE--><ref>{{Harvtxt\|Phelps\|1833\|p=24}}.</ref><!--~~

	--> According to [[Grant Palmer]], Smith believed "a second transcription would be identical to the first. This confirms the view that the English text existed in some kind of unalterable, spiritual form rather than that someone had to think through difficult conceptual issues and idioms, always resulting in variants in any translation."<!--

	~~FOOTNOTE--><ref>{{Harvtxt\|Palmer\|2002\|p=7}}.</ref>~~

	===Reputed location of the plates during translation===		===Reputed location of the plates during translation===
	When Joseph and Emma moved to Pennsylvania in October 1827, they transported a wooden box, which Smith said contained the plates, hidden in a barrel of beans.<!--		When Joseph and Emma moved to Pennsylvania in October 1827, they transported a wooden box, which Smith said contained the plates, hidden in a barrel of beans.<!--

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RogerNicholson: rm

RogerNicholson: /* Translating the plates */ rm

RogerNicholson: /* Receiving the plates */ rm

RogerNicholson: save