Käyttäjä:RogerNicholson/Test - Muutoshistoria

RogerNicholson: Moved text

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	~~{{PolygamyPortal}}~~		Moved to [[Joseph Smith and polygamy/Initiation of the practice]]
	~~{{PolygamyBook}}~~
	~~__TOC__~~

	~~==Introduction of plural marriage==~~

	Of the little we do know, much comes from later reminiscences. Later memories are not useless, but memory can change, and can be influenced by what people later came to believe or desire. Such data must be used with caution.

	~~There are enough scattered bits of evidence, however, that let us form some tentative conclusions.~~

	The first specifically-LDS encounter with plural marriage was the 1829 Book of Mormon. The prophet Jacob rebuked the Nephites for their practice of having many wives and concubines. Jacob forbade this practice, and declared monogamy to be the norm unless "I will…raise up seed unto me…." {{ref\|booknote1}}

	It is not clear that the early Saints contemplated any exceptions to this command in their own case, until ''after'' Joseph had taught plural marriage. As late as May 1843, Hyrum Smith (not yet converted to Joseph's plural marriage doctrine) attempted to rebut rumours of plural marriage by citing the condemnation in Jacob 2. {{ref\|booknote2}}

	~~===The Revelation to Joseph===~~

	There are no contemporaneous records which tell us when Joseph first taught plural marriage, or when he first had a revelation endorsing it. One account has Brigham Young placing the revelation to Oliver Cowdery and Joseph Smith in 1829 while translating the Book of Mormon. {{ref\|booknote3}}

	Most scholars have rejected this early date. Brigham was not even a member at this time, so he would have heard such a story second-hand at best, and may well have misunderstood the timing. There is nothing in the Book of Mormon that portrays plural marriage positively, so there is little which would inspire Joseph and Oliver to ask questions about it, and such questioning seems to have been a prerequisite to Joseph and Oliver's early revelations on baptism, the priesthood, and other matters. The journal which records the 1829 date may be in error, since there is another, earlier record in which Brigham Young opines that Joseph had the plural marriage revelation "as early as in the year 1831." {{ref\|booknote4}}

	Other evidence also points to an 1831 date. Joseph undertook his revision/translation of the Bible, and was working on Genesis in February–March 1831. {{ref\|booknote5}} Hubert Howe Bancroft was the first to suggest this theory, {{ref\|booknote6}} while Joseph Noble, {{ref\|booknote7}} B.H. Roberts, {{ref\|booknote8}} and Joseph F. Smith {{ref\|booknote9}} have agreed. The obvious approval of the polygamous patriarchs in Genesis is a more likely stimulus for Joseph's questions to the Lord about plural marriage than the Book of Mormon's generally negative view.

	~~===Joseph's First Mention of the Doctrine===~~

	The date of 1831 is reinforced by a letter written years later by W.W. Phelps. Phelps reported that on 17 July 1831, the Lord told Joseph "It is my will, that in time, ye should take unto you wives of the Lamanites and Nephites, that their posterity may become white, delightsome and just." Phelps then said that he asked Joseph three years later how this commandment could be fulfilled. Joseph replied, "In the same manner that Abraham took Hagar and Keturah; and Jacob took Rachel, Bilhah and Zilpha, ''by revelation''.” {{ref\|booknote10}} Phelps' recollection is reinforced by Ezra Booth, an apostate Mormon. In November 1831, Booth wrote that Joseph had received a revelation commanding a "matrimonial alliance" with the natives, though says nothing about plural marriage per se. {{ref\|booknote11}}

	~~Since Joseph's explanation~~ to Phelps came three years later, this does not help us date the receipt of the revelation specifically. It may be that Joseph did not understand the import of the July 1831 revelation any more than Phelps did. On the other hand, Orson Pratt reported that Joseph told some early members in 1831 and 1832 that plural marriage was a true principle but that the time to practice it had not yet come. {{ref\|booknote12}} Lyman Johnson also reportedly heard the doctrine from Joseph in 1831, {{ref\|booknote13}} as did a plural wife who recalled late in life that in 1831 Joseph told her that he had been commanded to one day take her as a plural wife. {{ref\|booknote14}} Mosiah Hancock reported that his father was taught about plural marriage in the spring of 1832. {{ref\|booknote15}}

	~~Some authors have suggested that Phelps' late recollection is inconsistent with other things that he wrote earlier. Richard Van Wagoner argues that:~~

	~~:…the Phelps letter has been widely touted as the earliest source documenting the advocacy of Mormon polygamy,~~ [but] it is not without its problems. For example, Phelps himself, in a 16 September 1835 letter to his wife, Sally, demonstrated no knowledge of church-sanctioned polygamy: "I have no right to any other woman in this world nor in the world to come according to the law of the celestial kingdom.” {{ref\|booknote16}}

	It seems to me, though, that the problem is more in Van Wagoner's reading of the data. Phelps says nothing about "church-sanctioned polygamy," one way or the other. He merely tells his wife that ''he'' has no right to any other woman. This was certainly true, since Joseph Smith had introduced no other men to plural marriage by September 1835. In fact, Phelps' remark seems a strange comment to make unless he understood that there were circumstances in which one could have "right to" another woman.

	~~Joseph F. Smith gave an account which synthesizes most of the preceding data:~~

	:The great and glorious principle of plural marriage was first revealed to Joseph Smith in 1831, but being forbidden to make it public, or to teach it as a doctrine of the Gospel, at that time, he confided the facts to only a very few of his intimate associates. Among them were Oliver Cowdery and Lyman E. Johnson, the latter confiding the fact to his traveling companion, Elder Orson Pratt, in the year 1832. (See Orson Pratt's testimony.)" (Andrew Jenson, ''The Historical Record'' 6 [~~Salt Lake City, Utah, May 1887]: 219)~~

	~~The bulk of the evidence, therefore, suggests that plural marriage was known by~~ Joseph ~~by early 1831. The Prophet was probably teaching the idea to a limited circle by the end of that year.~~

	~~==Endnotes==~~
	~~#{{note\|booknote1}}Jacob 2:27–30.~~
	~~#{{note\|booknote2}}Levi Richards Journal, 14 May 1843; cited by {{CriticalWork:Van Wagoner:Mormon Polygamy\|pages=54}}; Linda King Newell and Valeen Tippetts Avery, ''Mormon Enigma: Emma Hale~~ Smith~~'', 2nd ed. (Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1994), 141, 332.~~
	~~#{{note\|booknote3}}Brigham Young, quoted in Charles L. Walker, "Diary," (Harold B. Lee Library, BYU, 1855–1902), 25–26.~~
	~~#{{note\|booknote4}}Journal History, 26 August 1857; cited by Hyrum Leslie Andrus, ''Doctrines of the Kingdom'' (Salt Lake City, Utah: Desert Book Co., 1999), 489n436.~~
	~~#{{note\|booknote5}}Robert J. Matthews, "A Plainer Translation": ''Joseph Smith's Translation of the Bible, a History~~ and Commentary'' (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1975), 64–67. Also discussed in Danel W. Bachman, "A Study of the Mormon Practice of Polygamy before the Death of Joseph Smith" (Purdue University, 1975), 67 and Danel W. Bachman, "New Light on an Old Hypothesis: The Ohio Origins of the Revelation on Eternal Marriage," ''Journal of Mormon History'' 5 (1978): 24. This view is endorsed by Todd Compton, "Fanny Alger Smith Custer: Mormonism's First Plural Wife?," ''Journal of Mormon History'' 22/~~1 (Spring 1996): 178–181.~~
	~~#{{note\|booknote6}}Bachman, "New Light on an Old Hypothesis," 22n11 notes that Roberts' ''History~~ of the Church'' introduction (5:xxix) and Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of Utah (San Francisco: A.L. Bancroft Co., 1889), 161 were the first to posit the role of Joseph's revision of the Bible in the plural marriage revelation.
	~~#{{note\|booknote7}}Joseph Noble, cited in Millennial Star 16:454.~~
	~~#{{note\|booknote8}}Joseph Smith, ''History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints'', ed. Brigham H. Roberts, 7 vols. (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Company, 1980), 5:xxix.~~
	~~#{{note\|booknote9}}Joseph F. Smith at funeral of Elizabeth Ann Whitney; cited in ''Deseret Evening News'' (18 February 1882).~~
	#{{note\|booknote10}}W.W. Phelps, ''Letter to Brigham Young'', 1861, original in Church Archives, emphasis in original; cited by B. Carmon Hardy, ''Doing the Works of Abraham: Mormon Polygamy: Its Origin, Practice, and Demise, Kingdom in the West: The Mormons and the American Frontier'' (Norman, Okla.: Arthur H. Clark Co., 2007), 36–37
	~~#{{note\|booknote11}} Ezra Booth, Letter to the editor, ''Ohio Star'' (10 November 1831).~~
	#{{note\|booknote12}}Orson Pratt, [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Journal_of_Discourses/Volume_13/Celestial_Marriage_(Pratt) "Celestial Marriage,"] ''Journal of Discourses'', reported by David W. Evans (7 October 1869), Vol. 13 (London: Latter-day Saint's Book Depot, 1871), 192–193.
	#{{note\|booknote13}}Lyman Johnson as recounted by Orson Pratt, reported in “Report of Elders Orson Pratt and Joseph F. Smith," ''Millennial Star'' 40/50 (16 December 1878): 788; cited in Bachman, "Mormon Practice of Polygamy", 56.
	~~#{{note\|booknote14}}Mary Elizabeth Rollins Lightner to Emmeline B. Wells, Summer 1905, LDS Archives; cited by Newell and Avery, ''Mormon Enigma'', 65.~~
	~~#{{note\|booknote15}}{{CriticalWork:Compton:Sacred Loneliness\|pages=644}}; citing Mosiah Hancock Autobiography, 61–62.~~
	~~#{{note\|booknote16}}{{CriticalWork:Van Wagoner:Mormon Polygamy\|pages=3n2}}~~
	~~#{{note\|booknote17}}Phelps would publicly teach the idea of eternal marriage soon thereafter: "[W~~]e came into this world and have our agency, in order that we may prepare ourselves for a kingdom of glory; become archangels, even the sons of God where the man is neither without the woman, nor the woman without the man in the Lord…" - WW Phelps to O[liver] Cowdery, "Dear Brother in the Lord," ''Latter-day Saint Messenger & Advocate'' 1/9 (June 1835): 130. See discussion of the Phelps material in Bachman, "New Light on an Old Hypothesis," 28–29
	#{{note\|booknote18}}Joseph F. Smith (comment made 4 March 1883) in "Utah Stake Historical Record, 1877–1888," LDS Archives;Richard and Pamela Price, Joseph Smith Fought Polygamy—Vision Articles [from Vision Magazine, Vol. 32–46, 48–51, 53–56], vol. 2 (E-book: Price Publishing Company, n.d.), [http://restorationbookstore.org/articles/nopoligamy/jsfp-visionarticles/olivercowdery.htm "LDS Leaders Accused Oliver Cowdery of Polygamy"].

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RogerNicholson: /* Introduction of plural marriage */ Refs

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Introduction of plural marriage: Refs

← Vanhempi versio		Versio 13. joulukuuta 2008 kello 04.18
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	There are enough scattered bits of evidence, however, that let us form some tentative conclusions.		There are enough scattered bits of evidence, however, that let us form some tentative conclusions.

	The first specifically-LDS encounter with plural marriage was the 1829 Book of Mormon. The prophet Jacob rebuked the Nephites for their practice of having many wives and concubines. Jacob forbade this practice, and declared monogamy to be the norm unless "I will…raise up seed unto me…."		The first specifically-LDS encounter with plural marriage was the 1829 Book of Mormon. The prophet Jacob rebuked the Nephites for their practice of having many wives and concubines. Jacob forbade this practice, and declared monogamy to be the norm unless "I will…raise up seed unto me…." {{ref\|booknote1}}

	It is not clear that the early Saints contemplated any exceptions to this command in their own case, until after Joseph had taught plural marriage. As late as May 1843, Hyrum Smith (not yet converted to Joseph's plural marriage doctrine) attempted to rebut rumours of plural marriage by citing the condemnation in Jacob 2.		It is not clear that the early Saints contemplated any exceptions to this command in their own case, until after Joseph had taught plural marriage. As late as May 1843, Hyrum Smith (not yet converted to Joseph's plural marriage doctrine) attempted to rebut rumours of plural marriage by citing the condemnation in Jacob 2. {{ref\|booknote2}}
	~~The Revelation to Joseph~~

	~~There are no contemporaneous records which tell us when Joseph first taught plural marriage, or when he first had a revelation endorsing it. One account has Brigham Young placing the revelation~~ to ~~Oliver Cowdery and~~ Joseph ~~Smith in 1829 while translating the Book of Mormon.~~		===The Revelation to Joseph===

	~~Most scholars have rejected this early date. Brigham was not even a member at this time, so he would have heard such a story second-hand at best, and may well have misunderstood the timing.~~ There ~~is nothing in the Book of Mormon that portrays~~ plural marriage ~~positively~~, ~~so there is little which would inspire Joseph and Oliver to ask questions about~~ it~~, and such questioning seems to have been a prerequisite to Joseph and Oliver's early revelations on baptism, the priesthood, and other matters~~. ~~The journal which records the 1829 date may be in error, since there is another, earlier record in which~~ Brigham Young ~~opines that Joseph had~~ the ~~plural marriage~~ revelation ~~"as early as~~ in the ~~year 1831~~."		There are no contemporaneous records which tell us when Joseph first taught plural marriage, or when he first had a revelation endorsing it. One account has Brigham Young placing the revelation to Oliver Cowdery and Joseph Smith in 1829 while translating the Book of Mormon. {{ref\|booknote3}}

	~~Other evidence also points to an 1831~~ date. ~~Joseph undertook his revision/translation of the Bible~~, and ~~was working on Genesis~~ in ~~February–March 1831. Hubert Howe Bancroft was~~ the ~~first~~ to ~~suggest this theory~~, ~~while~~ Joseph ~~Noble~~, ~~B.H. Roberts~~, and ~~Joseph F. Smith have agreed~~. The ~~obvious approval of~~ the ~~polygamous patriarchs~~ in ~~Genesis~~ is ~~a more likely stimulus for~~ Joseph~~'s questions to~~ the ~~Lord about~~ plural marriage ~~than~~ the ~~Book of Mormon's generally negative view~~.		Most scholars have rejected this early date. Brigham was not even a member at this time, so he would have heard such a story second-hand at best, and may well have misunderstood the timing. There is nothing in the Book of Mormon that portrays plural marriage positively, so there is little which would inspire Joseph and Oliver to ask questions about it, and such questioning seems to have been a prerequisite to Joseph and Oliver's early revelations on baptism, the priesthood, and other matters. The journal which records the 1829 date may be in error, since there is another, earlier record in which Brigham Young opines that Joseph had the plural marriage revelation "as early as in the year 1831." {{ref\|booknote4}}
	~~Joseph's First Mention of the Doctrine~~

	~~The~~ date ~~of 1831 is reinforced by a letter written years later by W.W. Phelps~~. ~~Phelps reported that on 17 July 1831, the Lord told~~ Joseph ~~"It is my will, that in time, ye should take unto you wives~~ of the ~~Lamanites and Nephites~~, ~~that their posterity may become white, delightsome~~ and ~~just~~." ~~Phelps then said that he asked Joseph three years later how~~ this ~~commandment could be fulfilled.~~ Joseph ~~replied~~, ~~"In the same manner that Abraham took Hagar and Keturah; and Jacob took Rachel~~, ~~Bilhah~~ and ~~Zilpha, by revelation~~.~~” Phelps' recollection is reinforced by Ezra Booth, an apostate Mormon~~. ~~In November 1831, Booth wrote that~~ Joseph ~~had received a revelation commanding a "matrimonial alliance" with~~ the ~~natives, though says nothing~~ about plural marriage ~~per se~~.		Other evidence also points to an 1831 date. Joseph undertook his revision/translation of the Bible, and was working on Genesis in February–March 1831. {{ref\|booknote5}} Hubert Howe Bancroft was the first to suggest this theory, {{ref\|booknote6}} while Joseph Noble, {{ref\|booknote7}} B.H. Roberts, {{ref\|booknote8}} and Joseph F. Smith {{ref\|booknote9}} have agreed. The obvious approval of the polygamous patriarchs in Genesis is a more likely stimulus for Joseph's questions to the Lord about plural marriage than the Book of Mormon's generally negative view.

	Since Joseph's explanation to Phelps came three years later, this does not help us date the receipt of the revelation specifically. It may be that Joseph did not understand the import of the July 1831 revelation any more than Phelps did. On the other hand, Orson Pratt reported that Joseph told some early members in 1831 and 1832 that plural marriage was a true principle but that the time to practice it had not yet come. Lyman Johnson also reportedly heard the doctrine from Joseph in 1831, as did a plural wife who recalled late in life that in 1831 Joseph told her that he had been commanded to one day take her as a plural wife. Mosiah Hancock reported that his father was taught about plural marriage in the spring of 1832.		===Joseph's First Mention of the Doctrine===

			The date of 1831 is reinforced by a letter written years later by W.W. Phelps. Phelps reported that on 17 July 1831, the Lord told Joseph "It is my will, that in time, ye should take unto you wives of the Lamanites and Nephites, that their posterity may become white, delightsome and just." Phelps then said that he asked Joseph three years later how this commandment could be fulfilled. Joseph replied, "In the same manner that Abraham took Hagar and Keturah; and Jacob took Rachel, Bilhah and Zilpha, by revelation.” {{ref\|booknote10}} Phelps' recollection is reinforced by Ezra Booth, an apostate Mormon. In November 1831, Booth wrote that Joseph had received a revelation commanding a "matrimonial alliance" with the natives, though says nothing about plural marriage per se. {{ref\|booknote11}}

			Since Joseph's explanation to Phelps came three years later, this does not help us date the receipt of the revelation specifically. It may be that Joseph did not understand the import of the July 1831 revelation any more than Phelps did. On the other hand, Orson Pratt reported that Joseph told some early members in 1831 and 1832 that plural marriage was a true principle but that the time to practice it had not yet come. {{ref\|booknote12}} Lyman Johnson also reportedly heard the doctrine from Joseph in 1831, {{ref\|booknote13}} as did a plural wife who recalled late in life that in 1831 Joseph told her that he had been commanded to one day take her as a plural wife. {{ref\|booknote14}} Mosiah Hancock reported that his father was taught about plural marriage in the spring of 1832. {{ref\|booknote15}}

	Some authors have suggested that Phelps' late recollection is inconsistent with other things that he wrote earlier. Richard Van Wagoner argues that:		Some authors have suggested that Phelps' late recollection is inconsistent with other things that he wrote earlier. Richard Van Wagoner argues that:
	…the Phelps letter has been widely touted as the earliest source documenting the advocacy of Mormon polygamy, [but] it is not without its problems. For example, Phelps himself, in a 16 September 1835 letter to his wife, Sally, demonstrated no knowledge of church-sanctioned polygamy: "I have no right to any other woman in this world nor in the world to come according to the law of the celestial kingdom.”
			:…the Phelps letter has been widely touted as the earliest source documenting the advocacy of Mormon polygamy, [but] it is not without its problems. For example, Phelps himself, in a 16 September 1835 letter to his wife, Sally, demonstrated no knowledge of church-sanctioned polygamy: "I have no right to any other woman in this world nor in the world to come according to the law of the celestial kingdom.” {{ref\|booknote16}}

	It seems to me, though, that the problem is more in Van Wagoner's reading of the data. Phelps says nothing about "church-sanctioned polygamy," one way or the other. He merely tells his wife that he has no right to any other woman. This was certainly true, since Joseph Smith had introduced no other men to plural marriage by September 1835. In fact, Phelps' remark seems a strange comment to make unless he understood that there were circumstances in which one could have "right to" another woman.		It seems to me, though, that the problem is more in Van Wagoner's reading of the data. Phelps says nothing about "church-sanctioned polygamy," one way or the other. He merely tells his wife that he has no right to any other woman. This was certainly true, since Joseph Smith had introduced no other men to plural marriage by September 1835. In fact, Phelps' remark seems a strange comment to make unless he understood that there were circumstances in which one could have "right to" another woman.

RogerNicholson: Notes

2008-12-13T04:13:18Z

Notes

@@ Rivi 2: / Rivi 2: @@
 {{PolygamyBook}}
 __TOC__
 Of the little we do know, much comes from later reminiscences.  Later memories are not useless, but memory can change, and can be influenced by what people later came to believe or desire.  Such data must be used with caution.
@@ Rivi 31: / Rivi 33: @@
 The bulk of the evidence, therefore, suggests that plural marriage was known by Joseph by early 1831.  The Prophet was probably teaching the idea to a limited circle by the end of that year.
-Phelps would publicly teach the idea of eternal marriage soon thereafter: "[W]e came into this world and have our agency, in order that we may prepare ourselves for a kingdom of glory; become archangels, even the sons of God where the man is neither without the woman, nor the woman without the man in the Lord…" - WW Phelps to O[liver] Cowdery, "Dear Brother in the Lord," Latter-day Saint Messenger & Advocate 1/9 (June 1835): 130.  See discussion of the Phelps material in Bachman, "New Light on an Old Hypothesis," 28–29
+==Endnotes==
-  Joseph F. Smith (comment made 4 March 1883) in "Utah Stake Historical Record, 1877–1888," LDS Archives;Richard  and Pamela Price, Joseph Smith Fought Polygamy—Vision Articles [from Vision Magazine, Vol. 32–46, 48–51, 53–56], vol. 2 (E-book: Price Publishing Company, n.d.), "LDS Leaders Accused Oliver Cowdery of Polygamy," <http://restorationbookstore.org/articles/nopoligamy/jsfp-visionarticles/olivercowdery.htm>.
+#{{note|booknote1}}Jacob 2:27–30.

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Näytä muutokset

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← Vanhempi versio		Versio 24. marraskuuta 2008 kello 06.09
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	#{{note\|antidefamation1}}[http://mormontimes.com/people_news/church_news/?id=5115 LDS Church issues new Prop. 8 overview], ''MormonTimes'' (Nov. 21, 2008)		#{{note\|antidefamation1}}[http://mormontimes.com/people_news/church_news/?id=5115 LDS Church issues new Prop. 8 overview], ''MormonTimes'' (Nov. 21, 2008)
	#{{note\|protectmarriage}}[http://www.protectmarriage.com/ Protectmarriage.com].		#{{note\|protectmarriage}}[http://www.protectmarriage.com/ Protectmarriage.com].
			=Further reading=

			==FAIR wiki articles==
			{{PoliticsWiki}}

			<!-- ==FAIR web site==
			*FAIR Topical Guide:
			-->
			==Videos==
			'''Yes on 8 ads'''
			*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l61Pd5_jHQw Yes on 8 TV Ad: Truth]
			*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7352ZVMKBQM Yes on 8 TV Ad: Everything To Do With Schools]
			*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0PgjcgqFYP4 Yes on 8 TV Ad: It's Already Happened]

			'''No on 8 ads'''
			*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vB0lZ8XbmJM advanced Conversation - No On Prop 8]
			*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=opx-v_OhFnQ Parents]
			*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7LdC1RxvZg Senator Feinstein: No on Prop 8]
			*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CIL7PUl24hE Prop 8 has nothing to do with schools Prop 8 has nothing to do with schools], Jack O. Connell, California Superintendant of Schools
			*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RSCop9BtgdU&feature=related California Clergy Urge You to Vote No on Prop 8]
			*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q28UwAyzUkE "Home Invasion": Vote NO on Prop 8]

			'''Press conferences'''
			*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dU8uuPhQog0 Prop 8 Proponents Speak Out Against Attacks] (Press conference held Nov. 14, 2008)

			==External links==
			'''Proposition 8 related'''
			*Paul Bishop, [http://www.ldsmag.com/ideas/081110hate.html In the Face of Hatred], ''Meridian Magazine'', November 12, 2008.
			'''Church involvement in politics'''
			*{{Ensign1\|author=Gordon B. Hinckley\|article=Why We Do Some of the Things We Do\|date=November 1999\|start=52}}{{link\|url=http://www.lds.org/portal/site/LDSOrg/menuitem.b12f9d18fae655bb69095bd3e44916a0/?vgnextoid=2354fccf2b7db010VgnVCM1000004d82620aRCRD&locale=0&sourceId=ff1b6a4430c0c010VgnVCM1000004d82620a____&hideNav=1}}
			*{{BYUS \| author=Hugh Nibley \| article=[http://byustudies.byu.edu/shop/pdfsrc/15.1Nibley.pdf Beyond Politics]\|vol=15\|num=1\|date=1974\|start=1\|end=21}}

			{{Suggestions}}

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Endnotes: test

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	#{{note\|sacbee1}}[http://media.sacbee.com/smedia/2008/11/12/10/eckern_statement.source.prod_affiliate.4.pdf Scott Eckern Releases Statement and Announces Resignation as Artistic Director for California Musical Theatre], November 12, 2008.		#{{note\|sacbee1}}[http://media.sacbee.com/smedia/2008/11/12/10/eckern_statement.source.prod_affiliate.4.pdf Scott Eckern Releases Statement and Announces Resignation as Artistic Director for California Musical Theatre], November 12, 2008.
	#{{note\|leatherbys1}}[http://www.redcounty.com/placercountyca/2008/11/tolerance-on-display---targeti/ Tolerance on Display - Targeting Leatherby's Family Creamery] (blog) (Nov. 14, 2008).		#{{note\|leatherbys1}}[http://www.redcounty.com/placercountyca/2008/11/tolerance-on-display---targeti/ Tolerance on Display - Targeting Leatherby's Family Creamery] (blog) (Nov. 14, 2008).
			#{{note\|jewish1}}Rebecca Spence, "[http://www.forward.com/articles/14603/ Mormon AJC Official Draws Ire on Prop 8]," ''The Jewish Daily Forward'' (Nov. 20, 2008).
			#{{note\|time1}}Alison Stateman, "[http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1859323,00.html?iid=tsmodule What Happens If You're on the Gay "Enemies List"]," ''Time'' (Nov. 15, 2008).
			#{{note\|mercnews1}}[http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_10978629 Lesbian mom asked to quit PTA over Prop. 8], ''San Jose Mercury News'' (Nov. 13, 2008)
			#{{note\|governator1}}Michael Rothfeld and Tony Barboza, [http://www.latimes.com/news/local/politics/cal/la-me-protest10-2008nov10,0,4429002.story Schwarzenegger tells backers of gay marriage: Don't give up], ''Los Angeles Times'' (Nov. 10, 2008)
			#{{note\|petition1}}[http://familyleader.info/petitions/petition_5.php Proposition 8: Governor Schwarzenegger Respect the Voter's Will] (Nov. 17, 2008)
			#{{note\|bass1}}Aurelio Rojas, [http://www.sacbee.com/749/story/1411519.html Proposition 8 hostility 'got out of hand,' Assembly speaker says], ''Sacramento Bee'' (Nov. 19, 2008)
			#{{note\|antidefamation1}}[http://mormontimes.com/people_news/church_news/?id=5115 LDS Church issues new Prop. 8 overview], ''MormonTimes'' (Nov. 21, 2008)
			#{{note\|protectmarriage}}[http://www.protectmarriage.com/ Protectmarriage.com].

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Rivi 570:		Rivi 570:
	#{{note\|deseretnew.11-13}}Carrie A. Moore, [http://deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,705262907,00.html Owner says Prop 8 opponents hacked into LDS site], ''Deseret News'' (Nov. 13, 2008)		#{{note\|deseretnew.11-13}}Carrie A. Moore, [http://deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,705262907,00.html Owner says Prop 8 opponents hacked into LDS site], ''Deseret News'' (Nov. 13, 2008)
	#{{note\|calhate1}}[http://californiansagainsthate.blogspot.com/2008/11/sworn-complaint-filed-against-mormon.html Sworn Complaint Filed Against Mormon Church with California FPCC and 2 State Attorneys General] (Nov. 13, 2008)		#{{note\|calhate1}}[http://californiansagainsthate.blogspot.com/2008/11/sworn-complaint-filed-against-mormon.html Sworn Complaint Filed Against Mormon Church with California FPCC and 2 State Attorneys General] (Nov. 13, 2008)
			<!--

			Intimidation

			-->
			#{{note\|fired1}}Mike Swift, [http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_11045557?source=most_viewed 'Hate' accusations keep flying in same-sex marriage debate; protest planned today at Capitol], ''Mercury News'' (Nov. 21, 2008)
			#{{note\|mercnews.11-17}}[http://www.mercurynews.com/opinion/ci_11008595 Editorial: Vandalism, coercion are counterproductive to fight for gay marriage], ''The Mercury News'' (Nov. 17, 2008)
			#{{note\|hunt1}}Lisa Derrick, "[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lisa-derrick/el-coyote-boycott-mormon_b_143605.html El Coyote Boycott? Mormon Manager's Faith Overrides "Love" For Customers]," ''The Huffington Post'' (Nov. 13, 2008).
			#{{note\|kabc1}}Charles Granda, "[http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?section=news/local/los_angeles&id=6502661 Prop. 8 protestors boycott businesses]," KABC TV (Nov. 13, 2008).
			#{{note\|nyt1}}Jesse McKinley, "[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/13/theater/13thea.html?_r=1&oref=slogin Theater Director Resigns Amid Gay-Rights Ire]," ''New York Times'' (Nov. 12, 2008).
			#{{note\|hitandrun1}}[http://reason.com/blog/show/130073.html Mormon Outed by Campaign Finance Laws] (blog) (Nov. 13, 2008)
			#{{note\|sacbee1}}[http://media.sacbee.com/smedia/2008/11/12/10/eckern_statement.source.prod_affiliate.4.pdf Scott Eckern Releases Statement and Announces Resignation as Artistic Director for California Musical Theatre], November 12, 2008.
			#{{note\|leatherbys1}}[http://www.redcounty.com/placercountyca/2008/11/tolerance-on-display---targeti/ Tolerance on Display - Targeting Leatherby's Family Creamery] (blog) (Nov. 14, 2008).

RogerNicholson: /* Endnotes */ test

2008-11-24T06:05:18Z

Endnotes: test

← Vanhempi versio		Versio 24. marraskuuta 2008 kello 06.05
Rivi 563:		Rivi 563:
	#{{note\|whitepowder1}}[http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hWQRMq91zcde41dhzAaSEx2wEHFwD94EEP9O2 White powder sent to Mormon temples in Utah, LA], Associated Press (Nov. 13, 2008)		#{{note\|whitepowder1}}[http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hWQRMq91zcde41dhzAaSEx2wEHFwD94EEP9O2 White powder sent to Mormon temples in Utah, LA], Associated Press (Nov. 13, 2008)
	#{{note\|whitepowder2}}[http://www.wfsb.com/news/17973995/detail.html White Powder Found In Printing Plant], WSFB.com (Nov. 13, 2008)		#{{note\|whitepowder2}}[http://www.wfsb.com/news/17973995/detail.html White Powder Found In Printing Plant], WSFB.com (Nov. 13, 2008)
			<!--

			Hacking

			-->
			#{{note\|deseretnew.11-13}}Carrie A. Moore, [http://deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,705262907,00.html Owner says Prop 8 opponents hacked into LDS site], ''Deseret News'' (Nov. 13, 2008)
			#{{note\|calhate1}}[http://californiansagainsthate.blogspot.com/2008/11/sworn-complaint-filed-against-mormon.html Sworn Complaint Filed Against Mormon Church with California FPCC and 2 State Attorneys General] (Nov. 13, 2008)

← Vanhempi versio		Versio 14. joulukuuta 2008 kello 17.18
Rivi 1:		Rivi 1:
	~~{{PolygamyPortal}}~~		Moved to [[Joseph Smith and polygamy/Initiation of the practice]]
	~~{{PolygamyBook}}~~
	~~__TOC__~~

	~~==Introduction of plural marriage==~~

	Of the little we do know, much comes from later reminiscences. Later memories are not useless, but memory can change, and can be influenced by what people later came to believe or desire. Such data must be used with caution.

	~~There are enough scattered bits of evidence, however, that let us form some tentative conclusions.~~

	The first specifically-LDS encounter with plural marriage was the 1829 Book of Mormon. The prophet Jacob rebuked the Nephites for their practice of having many wives and concubines. Jacob forbade this practice, and declared monogamy to be the norm unless "I will…raise up seed unto me…." {{ref\|booknote1}}

	It is not clear that the early Saints contemplated any exceptions to this command in their own case, until ''after'' Joseph had taught plural marriage. As late as May 1843, Hyrum Smith (not yet converted to Joseph's plural marriage doctrine) attempted to rebut rumours of plural marriage by citing the condemnation in Jacob 2. {{ref\|booknote2}}

	~~===The Revelation to Joseph===~~

	There are no contemporaneous records which tell us when Joseph first taught plural marriage, or when he first had a revelation endorsing it. One account has Brigham Young placing the revelation to Oliver Cowdery and Joseph Smith in 1829 while translating the Book of Mormon. {{ref\|booknote3}}

	Most scholars have rejected this early date. Brigham was not even a member at this time, so he would have heard such a story second-hand at best, and may well have misunderstood the timing. There is nothing in the Book of Mormon that portrays plural marriage positively, so there is little which would inspire Joseph and Oliver to ask questions about it, and such questioning seems to have been a prerequisite to Joseph and Oliver's early revelations on baptism, the priesthood, and other matters. The journal which records the 1829 date may be in error, since there is another, earlier record in which Brigham Young opines that Joseph had the plural marriage revelation "as early as in the year 1831." {{ref\|booknote4}}

	Other evidence also points to an 1831 date. Joseph undertook his revision/translation of the Bible, and was working on Genesis in February–March 1831. {{ref\|booknote5}} Hubert Howe Bancroft was the first to suggest this theory, {{ref\|booknote6}} while Joseph Noble, {{ref\|booknote7}} B.H. Roberts, {{ref\|booknote8}} and Joseph F. Smith {{ref\|booknote9}} have agreed. The obvious approval of the polygamous patriarchs in Genesis is a more likely stimulus for Joseph's questions to the Lord about plural marriage than the Book of Mormon's generally negative view.

	~~===Joseph's First Mention of the Doctrine===~~

	The date of 1831 is reinforced by a letter written years later by W.W. Phelps. Phelps reported that on 17 July 1831, the Lord told Joseph "It is my will, that in time, ye should take unto you wives of the Lamanites and Nephites, that their posterity may become white, delightsome and just." Phelps then said that he asked Joseph three years later how this commandment could be fulfilled. Joseph replied, "In the same manner that Abraham took Hagar and Keturah; and Jacob took Rachel, Bilhah and Zilpha, ''by revelation''.” {{ref\|booknote10}} Phelps' recollection is reinforced by Ezra Booth, an apostate Mormon. In November 1831, Booth wrote that Joseph had received a revelation commanding a "matrimonial alliance" with the natives, though says nothing about plural marriage per se. {{ref\|booknote11}}

	~~Since Joseph's explanation~~ to Phelps came three years later, this does not help us date the receipt of the revelation specifically. It may be that Joseph did not understand the import of the July 1831 revelation any more than Phelps did. On the other hand, Orson Pratt reported that Joseph told some early members in 1831 and 1832 that plural marriage was a true principle but that the time to practice it had not yet come. {{ref\|booknote12}} Lyman Johnson also reportedly heard the doctrine from Joseph in 1831, {{ref\|booknote13}} as did a plural wife who recalled late in life that in 1831 Joseph told her that he had been commanded to one day take her as a plural wife. {{ref\|booknote14}} Mosiah Hancock reported that his father was taught about plural marriage in the spring of 1832. {{ref\|booknote15}}

	~~Some authors have suggested that Phelps' late recollection is inconsistent with other things that he wrote earlier. Richard Van Wagoner argues that:~~

	~~:…the Phelps letter has been widely touted as the earliest source documenting the advocacy of Mormon polygamy,~~ [but] it is not without its problems. For example, Phelps himself, in a 16 September 1835 letter to his wife, Sally, demonstrated no knowledge of church-sanctioned polygamy: "I have no right to any other woman in this world nor in the world to come according to the law of the celestial kingdom.” {{ref\|booknote16}}

	It seems to me, though, that the problem is more in Van Wagoner's reading of the data. Phelps says nothing about "church-sanctioned polygamy," one way or the other. He merely tells his wife that ''he'' has no right to any other woman. This was certainly true, since Joseph Smith had introduced no other men to plural marriage by September 1835. In fact, Phelps' remark seems a strange comment to make unless he understood that there were circumstances in which one could have "right to" another woman.

	~~Joseph F. Smith gave an account which synthesizes most of the preceding data:~~

	:The great and glorious principle of plural marriage was first revealed to Joseph Smith in 1831, but being forbidden to make it public, or to teach it as a doctrine of the Gospel, at that time, he confided the facts to only a very few of his intimate associates. Among them were Oliver Cowdery and Lyman E. Johnson, the latter confiding the fact to his traveling companion, Elder Orson Pratt, in the year 1832. (See Orson Pratt's testimony.)" (Andrew Jenson, ''The Historical Record'' 6 [~~Salt Lake City, Utah, May 1887]: 219)~~

	~~The bulk of the evidence, therefore, suggests that plural marriage was known by~~ Joseph ~~by early 1831. The Prophet was probably teaching the idea to a limited circle by the end of that year.~~

	~~==Endnotes==~~
	~~#{{note\|booknote1}}Jacob 2:27–30.~~
	~~#{{note\|booknote2}}Levi Richards Journal, 14 May 1843; cited by {{CriticalWork:Van Wagoner:Mormon Polygamy\|pages=54}}; Linda King Newell and Valeen Tippetts Avery, ''Mormon Enigma: Emma Hale~~ Smith~~'', 2nd ed. (Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1994), 141, 332.~~
	~~#{{note\|booknote3}}Brigham Young, quoted in Charles L. Walker, "Diary," (Harold B. Lee Library, BYU, 1855–1902), 25–26.~~
	~~#{{note\|booknote4}}Journal History, 26 August 1857; cited by Hyrum Leslie Andrus, ''Doctrines of the Kingdom'' (Salt Lake City, Utah: Desert Book Co., 1999), 489n436.~~
	~~#{{note\|booknote5}}Robert J. Matthews, "A Plainer Translation": ''Joseph Smith's Translation of the Bible, a History~~ and Commentary'' (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1975), 64–67. Also discussed in Danel W. Bachman, "A Study of the Mormon Practice of Polygamy before the Death of Joseph Smith" (Purdue University, 1975), 67 and Danel W. Bachman, "New Light on an Old Hypothesis: The Ohio Origins of the Revelation on Eternal Marriage," ''Journal of Mormon History'' 5 (1978): 24. This view is endorsed by Todd Compton, "Fanny Alger Smith Custer: Mormonism's First Plural Wife?," ''Journal of Mormon History'' 22/~~1 (Spring 1996): 178–181.~~
	~~#{{note\|booknote6}}Bachman, "New Light on an Old Hypothesis," 22n11 notes that Roberts' ''History~~ of the Church'' introduction (5:xxix) and Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of Utah (San Francisco: A.L. Bancroft Co., 1889), 161 were the first to posit the role of Joseph's revision of the Bible in the plural marriage revelation.
	~~#{{note\|booknote7}}Joseph Noble, cited in Millennial Star 16:454.~~
	~~#{{note\|booknote8}}Joseph Smith, ''History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints'', ed. Brigham H. Roberts, 7 vols. (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Company, 1980), 5:xxix.~~
	~~#{{note\|booknote9}}Joseph F. Smith at funeral of Elizabeth Ann Whitney; cited in ''Deseret Evening News'' (18 February 1882).~~
	#{{note\|booknote10}}W.W. Phelps, ''Letter to Brigham Young'', 1861, original in Church Archives, emphasis in original; cited by B. Carmon Hardy, ''Doing the Works of Abraham: Mormon Polygamy: Its Origin, Practice, and Demise, Kingdom in the West: The Mormons and the American Frontier'' (Norman, Okla.: Arthur H. Clark Co., 2007), 36–37
	~~#{{note\|booknote11}} Ezra Booth, Letter to the editor, ''Ohio Star'' (10 November 1831).~~
	#{{note\|booknote12}}Orson Pratt, [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Journal_of_Discourses/Volume_13/Celestial_Marriage_(Pratt) "Celestial Marriage,"] ''Journal of Discourses'', reported by David W. Evans (7 October 1869), Vol. 13 (London: Latter-day Saint's Book Depot, 1871), 192–193.
	#{{note\|booknote13}}Lyman Johnson as recounted by Orson Pratt, reported in “Report of Elders Orson Pratt and Joseph F. Smith," ''Millennial Star'' 40/50 (16 December 1878): 788; cited in Bachman, "Mormon Practice of Polygamy", 56.
	~~#{{note\|booknote14}}Mary Elizabeth Rollins Lightner to Emmeline B. Wells, Summer 1905, LDS Archives; cited by Newell and Avery, ''Mormon Enigma'', 65.~~
	~~#{{note\|booknote15}}{{CriticalWork:Compton:Sacred Loneliness\|pages=644}}; citing Mosiah Hancock Autobiography, 61–62.~~
	~~#{{note\|booknote16}}{{CriticalWork:Van Wagoner:Mormon Polygamy\|pages=3n2}}~~
	~~#{{note\|booknote17}}Phelps would publicly teach the idea of eternal marriage soon thereafter: "[W~~]e came into this world and have our agency, in order that we may prepare ourselves for a kingdom of glory; become archangels, even the sons of God where the man is neither without the woman, nor the woman without the man in the Lord…" - WW Phelps to O[liver] Cowdery, "Dear Brother in the Lord," ''Latter-day Saint Messenger & Advocate'' 1/9 (June 1835): 130. See discussion of the Phelps material in Bachman, "New Light on an Old Hypothesis," 28–29
	#{{note\|booknote18}}Joseph F. Smith (comment made 4 March 1883) in "Utah Stake Historical Record, 1877–1888," LDS Archives;Richard and Pamela Price, Joseph Smith Fought Polygamy—Vision Articles [from Vision Magazine, Vol. 32–46, 48–51, 53–56], vol. 2 (E-book: Price Publishing Company, n.d.), [http://restorationbookstore.org/articles/nopoligamy/jsfp-visionarticles/olivercowdery.htm "LDS Leaders Accused Oliver Cowdery of Polygamy"].

← Vanhempi versio		Versio 24. marraskuuta 2008 kello 06.08
Rivi 583:		Rivi 583:
	#{{note\|sacbee1}}[http://media.sacbee.com/smedia/2008/11/12/10/eckern_statement.source.prod_affiliate.4.pdf Scott Eckern Releases Statement and Announces Resignation as Artistic Director for California Musical Theatre], November 12, 2008.		#{{note\|sacbee1}}[http://media.sacbee.com/smedia/2008/11/12/10/eckern_statement.source.prod_affiliate.4.pdf Scott Eckern Releases Statement and Announces Resignation as Artistic Director for California Musical Theatre], November 12, 2008.
	#{{note\|leatherbys1}}[http://www.redcounty.com/placercountyca/2008/11/tolerance-on-display---targeti/ Tolerance on Display - Targeting Leatherby's Family Creamery] (blog) (Nov. 14, 2008).		#{{note\|leatherbys1}}[http://www.redcounty.com/placercountyca/2008/11/tolerance-on-display---targeti/ Tolerance on Display - Targeting Leatherby's Family Creamery] (blog) (Nov. 14, 2008).
			#{{note\|jewish1}}Rebecca Spence, "[http://www.forward.com/articles/14603/ Mormon AJC Official Draws Ire on Prop 8]," ''The Jewish Daily Forward'' (Nov. 20, 2008).
			#{{note\|time1}}Alison Stateman, "[http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1859323,00.html?iid=tsmodule What Happens If You're on the Gay "Enemies List"]," ''Time'' (Nov. 15, 2008).
			#{{note\|mercnews1}}[http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_10978629 Lesbian mom asked to quit PTA over Prop. 8], ''San Jose Mercury News'' (Nov. 13, 2008)
			#{{note\|governator1}}Michael Rothfeld and Tony Barboza, [http://www.latimes.com/news/local/politics/cal/la-me-protest10-2008nov10,0,4429002.story Schwarzenegger tells backers of gay marriage: Don't give up], ''Los Angeles Times'' (Nov. 10, 2008)
			#{{note\|petition1}}[http://familyleader.info/petitions/petition_5.php Proposition 8: Governor Schwarzenegger Respect the Voter's Will] (Nov. 17, 2008)
			#{{note\|bass1}}Aurelio Rojas, [http://www.sacbee.com/749/story/1411519.html Proposition 8 hostility 'got out of hand,' Assembly speaker says], ''Sacramento Bee'' (Nov. 19, 2008)
			#{{note\|antidefamation1}}[http://mormontimes.com/people_news/church_news/?id=5115 LDS Church issues new Prop. 8 overview], ''MormonTimes'' (Nov. 21, 2008)
			#{{note\|protectmarriage}}[http://www.protectmarriage.com/ Protectmarriage.com].

← Vanhempi versio		Versio 24. marraskuuta 2008 kello 06.07
Rivi 570:		Rivi 570:
	#{{note\|deseretnew.11-13}}Carrie A. Moore, [http://deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,705262907,00.html Owner says Prop 8 opponents hacked into LDS site], ''Deseret News'' (Nov. 13, 2008)		#{{note\|deseretnew.11-13}}Carrie A. Moore, [http://deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,705262907,00.html Owner says Prop 8 opponents hacked into LDS site], ''Deseret News'' (Nov. 13, 2008)
	#{{note\|calhate1}}[http://californiansagainsthate.blogspot.com/2008/11/sworn-complaint-filed-against-mormon.html Sworn Complaint Filed Against Mormon Church with California FPCC and 2 State Attorneys General] (Nov. 13, 2008)		#{{note\|calhate1}}[http://californiansagainsthate.blogspot.com/2008/11/sworn-complaint-filed-against-mormon.html Sworn Complaint Filed Against Mormon Church with California FPCC and 2 State Attorneys General] (Nov. 13, 2008)
			<!--

			Intimidation

			-->
			#{{note\|fired1}}Mike Swift, [http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_11045557?source=most_viewed 'Hate' accusations keep flying in same-sex marriage debate; protest planned today at Capitol], ''Mercury News'' (Nov. 21, 2008)
			#{{note\|mercnews.11-17}}[http://www.mercurynews.com/opinion/ci_11008595 Editorial: Vandalism, coercion are counterproductive to fight for gay marriage], ''The Mercury News'' (Nov. 17, 2008)
			#{{note\|hunt1}}Lisa Derrick, "[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/lisa-derrick/el-coyote-boycott-mormon_b_143605.html El Coyote Boycott? Mormon Manager's Faith Overrides "Love" For Customers]," ''The Huffington Post'' (Nov. 13, 2008).
			#{{note\|kabc1}}Charles Granda, "[http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?section=news/local/los_angeles&id=6502661 Prop. 8 protestors boycott businesses]," KABC TV (Nov. 13, 2008).
			#{{note\|nyt1}}Jesse McKinley, "[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/13/theater/13thea.html?_r=1&oref=slogin Theater Director Resigns Amid Gay-Rights Ire]," ''New York Times'' (Nov. 12, 2008).
			#{{note\|hitandrun1}}[http://reason.com/blog/show/130073.html Mormon Outed by Campaign Finance Laws] (blog) (Nov. 13, 2008)
			#{{note\|sacbee1}}[http://media.sacbee.com/smedia/2008/11/12/10/eckern_statement.source.prod_affiliate.4.pdf Scott Eckern Releases Statement and Announces Resignation as Artistic Director for California Musical Theatre], November 12, 2008.
			#{{note\|leatherbys1}}[http://www.redcounty.com/placercountyca/2008/11/tolerance-on-display---targeti/ Tolerance on Display - Targeting Leatherby's Family Creamery] (blog) (Nov. 14, 2008).

← Vanhempi versio		Versio 13. joulukuuta 2008 kello 04.28
Rivi 11:		Rivi 11:
	The first specifically-LDS encounter with plural marriage was the 1829 Book of Mormon. The prophet Jacob rebuked the Nephites for their practice of having many wives and concubines. Jacob forbade this practice, and declared monogamy to be the norm unless "I will…raise up seed unto me…." {{ref\|booknote1}}		The first specifically-LDS encounter with plural marriage was the 1829 Book of Mormon. The prophet Jacob rebuked the Nephites for their practice of having many wives and concubines. Jacob forbade this practice, and declared monogamy to be the norm unless "I will…raise up seed unto me…." {{ref\|booknote1}}

	It is not clear that the early Saints contemplated any exceptions to this command in their own case, until after Joseph had taught plural marriage. As late as May 1843, Hyrum Smith (not yet converted to Joseph's plural marriage doctrine) attempted to rebut rumours of plural marriage by citing the condemnation in Jacob 2. {{ref\|booknote2}}		It is not clear that the early Saints contemplated any exceptions to this command in their own case, until ''after'' Joseph had taught plural marriage. As late as May 1843, Hyrum Smith (not yet converted to Joseph's plural marriage doctrine) attempted to rebut rumours of plural marriage by citing the condemnation in Jacob 2. {{ref\|booknote2}}

	===The Revelation to Joseph===		===The Revelation to Joseph===
Rivi 23:		Rivi 23:
	===Joseph's First Mention of the Doctrine===		===Joseph's First Mention of the Doctrine===

	The date of 1831 is reinforced by a letter written years later by W.W. Phelps. Phelps reported that on 17 July 1831, the Lord told Joseph "It is my will, that in time, ye should take unto you wives of the Lamanites and Nephites, that their posterity may become white, delightsome and just." Phelps then said that he asked Joseph three years later how this commandment could be fulfilled. Joseph replied, "In the same manner that Abraham took Hagar and Keturah; and Jacob took Rachel, Bilhah and Zilpha, by revelation.” {{ref\|booknote10}} Phelps' recollection is reinforced by Ezra Booth, an apostate Mormon. In November 1831, Booth wrote that Joseph had received a revelation commanding a "matrimonial alliance" with the natives, though says nothing about plural marriage per se. {{ref\|booknote11}}		The date of 1831 is reinforced by a letter written years later by W.W. Phelps. Phelps reported that on 17 July 1831, the Lord told Joseph "It is my will, that in time, ye should take unto you wives of the Lamanites and Nephites, that their posterity may become white, delightsome and just." Phelps then said that he asked Joseph three years later how this commandment could be fulfilled. Joseph replied, "In the same manner that Abraham took Hagar and Keturah; and Jacob took Rachel, Bilhah and Zilpha, ''by revelation''.” {{ref\|booknote10}} Phelps' recollection is reinforced by Ezra Booth, an apostate Mormon. In November 1831, Booth wrote that Joseph had received a revelation commanding a "matrimonial alliance" with the natives, though says nothing about plural marriage per se. {{ref\|booknote11}}

	Since Joseph's explanation to Phelps came three years later, this does not help us date the receipt of the revelation specifically. It may be that Joseph did not understand the import of the July 1831 revelation any more than Phelps did. On the other hand, Orson Pratt reported that Joseph told some early members in 1831 and 1832 that plural marriage was a true principle but that the time to practice it had not yet come. {{ref\|booknote12}} Lyman Johnson also reportedly heard the doctrine from Joseph in 1831, {{ref\|booknote13}} as did a plural wife who recalled late in life that in 1831 Joseph told her that he had been commanded to one day take her as a plural wife. {{ref\|booknote14}} Mosiah Hancock reported that his father was taught about plural marriage in the spring of 1832. {{ref\|booknote15}}		Since Joseph's explanation to Phelps came three years later, this does not help us date the receipt of the revelation specifically. It may be that Joseph did not understand the import of the July 1831 revelation any more than Phelps did. On the other hand, Orson Pratt reported that Joseph told some early members in 1831 and 1832 that plural marriage was a true principle but that the time to practice it had not yet come. {{ref\|booknote12}} Lyman Johnson also reportedly heard the doctrine from Joseph in 1831, {{ref\|booknote13}} as did a plural wife who recalled late in life that in 1831 Joseph told her that he had been commanded to one day take her as a plural wife. {{ref\|booknote14}} Mosiah Hancock reported that his father was taught about plural marriage in the spring of 1832. {{ref\|booknote15}}
Rivi 31:		Rivi 31:
	:…the Phelps letter has been widely touted as the earliest source documenting the advocacy of Mormon polygamy, [but] it is not without its problems. For example, Phelps himself, in a 16 September 1835 letter to his wife, Sally, demonstrated no knowledge of church-sanctioned polygamy: "I have no right to any other woman in this world nor in the world to come according to the law of the celestial kingdom.” {{ref\|booknote16}}		:…the Phelps letter has been widely touted as the earliest source documenting the advocacy of Mormon polygamy, [but] it is not without its problems. For example, Phelps himself, in a 16 September 1835 letter to his wife, Sally, demonstrated no knowledge of church-sanctioned polygamy: "I have no right to any other woman in this world nor in the world to come according to the law of the celestial kingdom.” {{ref\|booknote16}}

	It seems to me, though, that the problem is more in Van Wagoner's reading of the data. Phelps says nothing about "church-sanctioned polygamy," one way or the other. He merely tells his wife that he has no right to any other woman. This was certainly true, since Joseph Smith had introduced no other men to plural marriage by September 1835. In fact, Phelps' remark seems a strange comment to make unless he understood that there were circumstances in which one could have "right to" another woman.		It seems to me, though, that the problem is more in Van Wagoner's reading of the data. Phelps says nothing about "church-sanctioned polygamy," one way or the other. He merely tells his wife that ''he'' has no right to any other woman. This was certainly true, since Joseph Smith had introduced no other men to plural marriage by September 1835. In fact, Phelps' remark seems a strange comment to make unless he understood that there were circumstances in which one could have "right to" another woman.

	Joseph F. Smith gave an account which synthesizes most of the preceding data:		Joseph F. Smith gave an account which synthesizes most of the preceding data:
	The great and glorious principle of plural marriage was first revealed to Joseph Smith in 1831, but being forbidden to make it public, or to teach it as a doctrine of the Gospel, at that time, he confided the facts to only a very few of his intimate associates. Among them were Oliver Cowdery and Lyman E. Johnson, the latter confiding the fact to his traveling companion, Elder Orson Pratt, in the year 1832. (See Orson Pratt's testimony.)" (Andrew Jenson, The Historical Record 6 [Salt Lake City, Utah, May 1887]: 219)
			:The great and glorious principle of plural marriage was first revealed to Joseph Smith in 1831, but being forbidden to make it public, or to teach it as a doctrine of the Gospel, at that time, he confided the facts to only a very few of his intimate associates. Among them were Oliver Cowdery and Lyman E. Johnson, the latter confiding the fact to his traveling companion, Elder Orson Pratt, in the year 1832. (See Orson Pratt's testimony.)" (Andrew Jenson, ''The Historical Record'' 6 [Salt Lake City, Utah, May 1887]: 219)

	The bulk of the evidence, therefore, suggests that plural marriage was known by Joseph by early 1831. The Prophet was probably teaching the idea to a limited circle by the end of that year.		The bulk of the evidence, therefore, suggests that plural marriage was known by Joseph by early 1831. The Prophet was probably teaching the idea to a limited circle by the end of that year.

← Vanhempi versio		Versio 13. joulukuuta 2008 kello 04.25
Rivi 39:		Rivi 39:
	==Endnotes==		==Endnotes==
	#{{note\|booknote1}}Jacob 2:27–30.		#{{note\|booknote1}}Jacob 2:27–30.
	#{{note\|booknote2}}Levi Richards Journal, 14 May 1843; cited by ~~Richard S.~~ Van Wagoner, Mormon Polygamy~~: A History, 2nd ed. (Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books, 1989),~~ 54; Linda King Newell and Valeen Tippetts Avery, Mormon Enigma: Emma Hale Smith, 2nd ed. (Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1994), 141, 332.		#{{note\|booknote2}}Levi Richards Journal, 14 May 1843; cited by {{CriticalWork:Van Wagoner:Mormon Polygamy\|pages=54}}; Linda King Newell and Valeen Tippetts Avery, ''Mormon Enigma: Emma Hale Smith'', 2nd ed. (Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, 1994), 141, 332.
	#{{note\|booknote3}}Brigham Young, quoted in Charles L. Walker, "Diary," (Harold B. Lee Library, BYU, 1855–1902), 25–26.		#{{note\|booknote3}}Brigham Young, quoted in Charles L. Walker, "Diary," (Harold B. Lee Library, BYU, 1855–1902), 25–26.
	#{{note\|booknote4}}Journal History, 26 August 1857; cited by Hyrum Leslie Andrus, Doctrines of the Kingdom (Salt Lake City, Utah: Desert Book Co., 1999), 489n436.		#{{note\|booknote4}}Journal History, 26 August 1857; cited by Hyrum Leslie Andrus, ''Doctrines of the Kingdom'' (Salt Lake City, Utah: Desert Book Co., 1999), 489n436.
	#{{note\|booknote5}}Robert J. Matthews, "A Plainer Translation": Joseph Smith's Translation of the Bible, a History and Commentary (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1975), 64–67. Also discussed in Danel W. Bachman, "A Study of the Mormon Practice of Polygamy before the Death of Joseph Smith" (Purdue University, 1975), 67 and Danel W. Bachman, "New Light on an Old Hypothesis: The Ohio Origins of the Revelation on Eternal Marriage," Journal of Mormon History 5 (1978): 24. This view is endorsed by Todd Compton, "Fanny Alger Smith Custer: Mormonism's First Plural Wife?," Journal of Mormon History 22/1 (Spring 1996): 178–181.		#{{note\|booknote5}}Robert J. Matthews, "A Plainer Translation": ''Joseph Smith's Translation of the Bible, a History and Commentary'' (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1975), 64–67. Also discussed in Danel W. Bachman, "A Study of the Mormon Practice of Polygamy before the Death of Joseph Smith" (Purdue University, 1975), 67 and Danel W. Bachman, "New Light on an Old Hypothesis: The Ohio Origins of the Revelation on Eternal Marriage," ''Journal of Mormon History'' 5 (1978): 24. This view is endorsed by Todd Compton, "Fanny Alger Smith Custer: Mormonism's First Plural Wife?," ''Journal of Mormon History'' 22/1 (Spring 1996): 178–181.
	#{{note\|booknote6}}Bachman, "New Light on an Old Hypothesis," 22n11 notes that Roberts' History of the Church introduction (5:xxix) and Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of Utah (San Francisco: A.L. Bancroft Co., 1889), 161 were the first to posit the role of Joseph's revision of the Bible in the plural marriage revelation.		#{{note\|booknote6}}Bachman, "New Light on an Old Hypothesis," 22n11 notes that Roberts' ''History of the Church'' introduction (5:xxix) and Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of Utah (San Francisco: A.L. Bancroft Co., 1889), 161 were the first to posit the role of Joseph's revision of the Bible in the plural marriage revelation.
	#{{note\|booknote7}}Joseph Noble, cited in Millennial Star 16:454.		#{{note\|booknote7}}Joseph Noble, cited in Millennial Star 16:454.
	#{{note\|booknote8}}Joseph Smith, History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, ed. Brigham H. Roberts, 7 vols. (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Company, 1980), 5:xxix.		#{{note\|booknote8}}Joseph Smith, ''History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints'', ed. Brigham H. Roberts, 7 vols. (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Company, 1980), 5:xxix.
	#{{note\|booknote9}}Joseph F. Smith at funeral of Elizabeth Ann Whitney; cited in Deseret Evening News (18 February 1882).		#{{note\|booknote9}}Joseph F. Smith at funeral of Elizabeth Ann Whitney; cited in ''Deseret Evening News'' (18 February 1882).
	#{{note\|booknote10}}W.W. Phelps, Letter to Brigham Young, 1861, original in Church Archives, emphasis in original; cited by B. Carmon Hardy, Doing the Works of Abraham: Mormon Polygamy: Its Origin, Practice, and Demise, Kingdom in the West: The Mormons and the American Frontier (Norman, Okla.: Arthur H. Clark Co., 2007), 36–37		#{{note\|booknote10}}W.W. Phelps, ''Letter to Brigham Young'', 1861, original in Church Archives, emphasis in original; cited by B. Carmon Hardy, ''Doing the Works of Abraham: Mormon Polygamy: Its Origin, Practice, and Demise, Kingdom in the West: The Mormons and the American Frontier'' (Norman, Okla.: Arthur H. Clark Co., 2007), 36–37
	#{{note\|booknote11}} Ezra Booth, Letter to the editor, Ohio Star (10 November 1831).		#{{note\|booknote11}} Ezra Booth, Letter to the editor, ''Ohio Star'' (10 November 1831).
	#{{note\|booknote12}}Orson Pratt, "Celestial Marriage," Journal of Discourses, reported by David W. Evans (7 October 1869), Vol. 13 (London: Latter-day Saint's Book Depot, 1871), 192–193.		#{{note\|booknote12}}Orson Pratt, [http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Journal_of_Discourses/Volume_13/Celestial_Marriage_(Pratt) "Celestial Marriage,"] ''Journal of Discourses'', reported by David W. Evans (7 October 1869), Vol. 13 (London: Latter-day Saint's Book Depot, 1871), 192–193.
	#{{note\|booknote13}}Lyman Johnson as recounted by Orson Pratt, reported in “Report of Elders Orson Pratt and Joseph F. Smith," Millennial Star 40/50 (16 December 1878): 788; cited in Bachman, "Mormon Practice of Polygamy", 56.		#{{note\|booknote13}}Lyman Johnson as recounted by Orson Pratt, reported in “Report of Elders Orson Pratt and Joseph F. Smith," ''Millennial Star'' 40/50 (16 December 1878): 788; cited in Bachman, "Mormon Practice of Polygamy", 56.
	#{{note\|booknote14}}Mary Elizabeth Rollins Lightner to Emmeline B. Wells, Summer 1905, LDS Archives; cited by Newell and Avery, Mormon Enigma, 65.		#{{note\|booknote14}}Mary Elizabeth Rollins Lightner to Emmeline B. Wells, Summer 1905, LDS Archives; cited by Newell and Avery, ''Mormon Enigma'', 65.
	#{{note\|booknote15}}~~Todd M.~~ Compton~~, In~~ Sacred Loneliness~~: The Plural Wives of Joseph Smith (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1997),~~ 644; citing Mosiah Hancock Autobiography, 61–62.		#{{note\|booknote15}}{{CriticalWork:Compton:Sacred Loneliness\|pages=644}}; citing Mosiah Hancock Autobiography, 61–62.
	#{{note\|booknote16}}Van Wagoner, Mormon Polygamy, 3n2		#{{note\|booknote16}}{{CriticalWork:Van Wagoner:Mormon Polygamy\|pages=3n2}}
	#{{note\|booknote17}}Phelps would publicly teach the idea of eternal marriage soon thereafter: "[W]e came into this world and have our agency, in order that we may prepare ourselves for a kingdom of glory; become archangels, even the sons of God where the man is neither without the woman, nor the woman without the man in the Lord…" - WW Phelps to O[liver] Cowdery, "Dear Brother in the Lord," Latter-day Saint Messenger & Advocate 1/9 (June 1835): 130. See discussion of the Phelps material in Bachman, "New Light on an Old Hypothesis," 28–29		#{{note\|booknote17}}Phelps would publicly teach the idea of eternal marriage soon thereafter: "[W]e came into this world and have our agency, in order that we may prepare ourselves for a kingdom of glory; become archangels, even the sons of God where the man is neither without the woman, nor the woman without the man in the Lord…" - WW Phelps to O[liver] Cowdery, "Dear Brother in the Lord," ''Latter-day Saint Messenger & Advocate'' 1/9 (June 1835): 130. See discussion of the Phelps material in Bachman, "New Light on an Old Hypothesis," 28–29
	#{{note\|booknote18}}Joseph F. Smith (comment made 4 March 1883) in "Utah Stake Historical Record, 1877–1888," LDS Archives;Richard and Pamela Price, Joseph Smith Fought Polygamy—Vision Articles [from Vision Magazine, Vol. 32–46, 48–51, 53–56], vol. 2 (E-book: Price Publishing Company, n.d.), ~~"LDS Leaders Accused Oliver Cowdery of Polygamy," <~~http://restorationbookstore.org/articles/nopoligamy/jsfp-visionarticles/olivercowdery.htm>.		#{{note\|booknote18}}Joseph F. Smith (comment made 4 March 1883) in "Utah Stake Historical Record, 1877–1888," LDS Archives;Richard and Pamela Price, Joseph Smith Fought Polygamy—Vision Articles [from Vision Magazine, Vol. 32–46, 48–51, 53–56], vol. 2 (E-book: Price Publishing Company, n.d.), [http://restorationbookstore.org/articles/nopoligamy/jsfp-visionarticles/olivercowdery.htm "LDS Leaders Accused Oliver Cowdery of Polygamy"].