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| | {{Resource Title|Joseph Smith, occultism and magic}} | | {{Resource Title|Joseph Smith, occultism and magic}} |
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| − | {{Criticism label}}
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| − | *Were Joseph Smith's spiritual experiences originally products of magic and the occult?
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| − | *Did Joseph retrofit his experiences in Christian, religious terms: speaking of God, angels, and prophethood rather than in terms of magic, treasure guardians and scrying?
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| − | *A "vagabond fortune-teller" named Walters became popular in the Palmyra area. When Walters left the area, did "his mantle" fall upon Joseph Smith? <ref>Criticisms of Joseph's use of "folk magic" appear in the following publications: {{CriticalWork:Atheneum:July 1841:Book of Mormon and the Mormonites|pages=370–74}}; {{CriticalWork:Caswall:Prophet of the Nineteenth Century|pages=28}}; {{CriticalWork:Clark:Gleanings by the Way VII|pages=??}}; {{CriticalWork:Hunt:Mormonism|pages=n.p.}}; {{CriticalWork:MormonThink|url=http://mormonthink.com/transbomweb.htm|date=28 April 2012}}; {{CriticalWork:Sunderland:Mormonism|pages=34, citing Howe}}</ref>
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| − | Joseph Smith and his followers undoubtedly believed in supernatural power. And, they may have had some ideas about how to access that power that now strike us as inaccurate and even strange. This is not surprising, given the two centuries and massive scientific advances which separate our culture from theirs. However, there is no evidence that Joseph and others considered these things to be "magic," or the "occult," nor did they consider "magic" or the "occult" to be positive things.
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| − | ===Joseph Smith, magic and treasure hunting===
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| − | {{SeeAlso|Joseph Smith/Seer stones|l1=Joseph Smith as seer and seer stones|Joseph Smith/Money digging|l2=Joseph Smith: money digging|Joseph Smith/Legal trials/1826 glasslooking trial|l3=Joseph Smith's 1826 glasslooking trial}} | |
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| − | It is a known fact that Joseph's family believed in folk magic, and that Joseph himself used several different seer stones in order to locate lost objects. Brant Gardner notes,
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| − | Young Joseph Smith was a member of a specialized sub-community with ties to these very old and very respected practices, though by the early 1800s they were respected only by a marginalized segment of society.
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| − | </blockquote>
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| − | Joseph's family shared folk magic beliefs that were common to the day. Joseph's mother, Lucy, felt it important to note in her history that the family did not let these magical endeavors prevent the family from doing the necessary work to survive:
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| − | But let not my reader suppose that, because I shall pursue another topic for a season, that we stopped our labor and went at trying to win the faculty of Abrac, drawing Magic circles or sooth saying to the neglect of all kinds of business. We never during our lives suffered one important interest to swallow up every other obligation. But, whilst we worked with our hands, we endeavored to remember the service of, and the welfare of our souls.<ref>Luck Mack Smith, 1845 manuscript history transcribed without punctuation, in {{EMD|vol=2|pages=285}}</ref>
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| − | </blockquote>
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| − | Joseph's involvement with Josiah Stowell's attempt to locate a lost Spanish treasure is well documented in Church history. Stowell requested Joseph's assistance in a mining operation looking for old coins and precious metals. This effort, in fact, resulted in charges being brought against Joseph by Stowell's relatives for being a "glasslooker" in 1826. Joseph was ultimately charged with being a "disorderly person" and released. (For more detailed information, see: [[Joseph Smith/Legal trials/1826 glasslooking trial|Joseph Smith's 1826 glasslooking trial]])
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| − | Some, however, believe that all of Joseph's early spiritual experiences, particularly the First Vision and the visit of Moroni, were originally magical or occult experiences that were only ''later'' couched in spiritual terms. For example, the [[Specific works/The Hurlbut affidavits|Hurlbut affidavits]] relate stories of Moroni's visit that cast the angel in the role of spiritual treasure guardian, with one (Willard Chase) even claiming that the angel appeared in the form of a toad.
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| − | D. Michael Quinn has been the most prolific author on the subject of "magic" influences on the origins of Mormonism. According to William Hamblin:
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| − | Quinn's overall thesis is that Joseph Smith and other early Latter-day Saint leaders were fundamentally influenced by occult and magical thought, books, and practices in the founding of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. This is unmitigated nonsense. Yet the fact that ''Quinn could not discover a single primary source written by Latter-day Saints'' that makes any positive statement about magic is hardly dissuasive to a historian of Quinn's inventive capacity.<ref>{{FR-12-2-16}}</ref>
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| − | </blockquote>
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| − | ===Terminology===
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| − | When critics use the term "magic" or "occult," they are using prejudicial, loaded terminology. Used in a neutral sense, magic might mean only that a person believes in the supernatural, and believes that supernatural can be influenced for the believer's benefit.
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| − | However, critics are generally not clear about what definition of magic they are using, and how to distinguish a "magical" belief in the supernatural from a "religious" belief in the supernatural.<ref>See discussions of this issue in: {{FR-12-2-15}}; {{FR-12-2-16}}; {{FR-12-2-16}}</ref> Scholars of magic and religion have, in fact, come to realize that defining "magic" is probably a hopeless task. John Gee noted:
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| − | In 1990, Cambridge University published Stanley Tambiah's Magic, Science, Religion, and the Scope of Rationality, which showed that the definitions of many of the most important writers on "magic" were heavily influenced both by their backgrounds and their personal ideological agendas: they defined "magic" as religious beliefs other than their own. In 1992, the International Interdisciplinary Conference on Magic in the Ancient World failed to come to any agreement on what "magic" was. The plenary speaker, Jonathan Z. Smith, in particular voiced strong opinions:
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| − | ::I see little merit in continuing the use of the substantive term "magic" in second-order, theoretical, academic discourse. We have better and more precise scholarly taxa for each of the phenomena commonly denoted by "magic" which, among other benefits, create more useful categories for comparison. For any culture I am familiar with, we can trade places between the corpus of materials conventionally labeled "magical" and corpora designated by other generic terms (e.g., healing, divining, execrative) with no cognitive loss. Indeed, there would be a gain.<ref>{{FR-12-2-15}}; citing Stanley J. Tambiah, ''Magic, Science, Religion, and the Scope of Rationality'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990) and Jonathan Z. Smith, "Trading Places," in ''Ancient Magic and Ritual Power'', ed. Marvin Meyer and Paul Mirecki (Leiden: Brill, 1995), 16.</ref>
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| − | </blockquote>
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| − | </blockquote>
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| − | The use of the term "magic" imposes, especially for modern Christians, a negative label at the outset, which explains its popularity for critics. As Professor of Egyptology Robert K. Ritner explained:
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| − | Modern Western terms for 'magic' function primarily as designations for that which we as a society do not accept, and which has overtones of the supernatural or the demonic (but not of the divine). It is important to stress that this pejorative connotation has not been grafted onto the notion of magic as the result of any recent theoretical fancy but is inherent in Western terminology virtually from its beginning. It constitutes ''the essential core'' of the Western concept of magic.<ref>Robert K. Ritner, "Egyptian Magic: Questions of Legitimacy, Religious Orthodoxy and Social Deviance," in ''Studies in Pharaonic Religion and Society in Honour of J. Gwyn Griffiths'' , ed. Alan B. Lloyd (London: Egypt Exploration Society, 1992), 190; cited in {{FR-12-2-15}} {{eo}}.</ref>
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| − | </blockquote>
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| − | Moroni's visit was a turning point for Joseph, for it is important to note that the Book of Mormon itself condemns "magic" whenever it is mentioned:
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| − | And it came to pass that there were sorceries, and witchcrafts, and magics; and the power of the evil one was wrought upon all the face of the land, even unto the fulfilling of all the words of Abinadi, and also Samuel the Lamanite. {{s||Mormon|1|19}}
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| − | </blockquote>
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| − | Regardless of Joseph's or his family's previous opinions regarding folk magic prior to the coming forth of the Book of Mormon, they clearly always believed in and had faith in God. Joseph believed that instruments such as the Urim and Thummim and his seer stone were consecrated by God for their intended use.
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| − | ===Influence of the Hofmann forgeries===
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| − | One difficulty of assessing this entire issue is the fact that D. Michael Quinn wrote his first edition of ''Mormonism and the Magic World View'' while still believing that Hofmann's forged "Salamander letter" was genuine. He chose to publish his work essentially unaltered, believing nothing needed to be changed,<ref>See footnote 29 in {{FR-12-2-15}}</ref> when the truth of the forgeries became known:
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| − | :Quinn must have begun his research when he still had the Hofmann letters and the salamander to serve as the rock of his hypotheses. It was those solid, indisputable historical documents that would give credibility to the rest of his data and make his case come together. Quinn's speculative notes would merely hang like decorations on the solid mass provided by the Hofmann documents, and the greater would justify the lesser. However, as Quinn approached publication, the Hofmann materials were pulled out from under him, leaving a huge salamander-shaped hole in the center of his theory. . . .
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| − | :With the salamander letter and other Hofmann materials, Quinn had a respectable argument; without them he had a handful of fragmented and highly speculative research notes. It appears to me that when he was faced with the choice of seeing months of research go down the drain for lack of a credible context to put it in or of putting the best face on it and publishing anyway, Quinn simply made the wrong choice. This would explain why his remaining arguments are so strained and the scanty evidence so overworked. This would explain why the book is such a methodological nightmare. Having lost the turkey at the last minute, Quinn has served us the gravy and trimmings, hoping we won't notice the difference.<ref>{{BYUS|author=Stephen E. Robinson|article=Review of ''Early Mormonism and the Magic World View'', by D. Michael Quinn|vol=27|num=4|date=1987|start=94|end=95}}</ref>
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| − | ===Seer stones===
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| − | {{Main|Joseph Smith/Seer stones|l1=Joseph Smith and seer stones}}
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| − | ===Jupiter Talisman===
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| − | {{Main|/Jupiter talisman|l1=Joseph Smith and the Jupiter talisman}}
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| − | Of this matter, Stephen Robinson wrote:
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| − | :In the case of the Jupiter coin, this same extrapolation error is compounded with a very uncritical acceptance of the artifact in the first place. If the coin were Joseph's, that fact alone would tell us nothing about what it meant to him. But in fact there is insufficient evidence to prove that the artifact ever belonged to the Prophet. The coin was completely unknown until 1930 when an aging Charles Bidamon sold it to Wilford Wood. The only evidence that it was Joseph's is an affidavit of Bidamon, who stood to gain financially by so representing it. Quinn [and any other critic who embraces this theory] uncritically accepts Bidamon's affidavit as solid proof that the coin was Joseph's. Yet the coin was not mentioned in the 1844 list of Joseph's possessions returned to Emma. Quinn negotiates this difficulty by suggesting the coin must have been worn around Joseph's neck under his shirt. But in so doing Quinn impeaches his only witness for the coin's authenticity, for Bidamon's affidavit, the only evidence linking the coin to Joseph, specifically and solemnly swears that the coin was in Joseph's pocket at Carthage. The real empirical evidence here is just too weak to prove that the coin was really Joseph's, let alone to extrapolate a conclusion from mere possession of the artifact that Joseph must have believed in and practiced magic. The recent Hofmann affair should have taught us that an affidavit from the seller, especially a 1930 affidavit to third hand information contradicted by the 1844 evidence, just isn't enough 'proof' to hang your hat on.<ref>{{BYUS|author=Stephen E. Robinson|article=Review of ''Early Mormonism and the Magic World View'', by D. Michael Quinn|vol=27|num=4|date=1987|start=94|end=95}}</ref>
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| − | ===Divining rods===
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| − | {{Main|Oliver Cowdery and the "rod of nature"}}
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| − | ===Attitudes of Joseph Smith and contemporaries===
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| − | In 1841, Wilford Woodruff recounted an episode of Church disciplinary action:
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| − | :The President then brought up the case of a Br Moumford, who was holding the office of a Priest, from whome fellowship had been withdrawn by the council of officers in consequence of his practizing fortune Telling, Magic, Black art &c & called upon Elders Woodruff & Cordon to express their feelings upon the subject when Elder Woodruff arose, & spoke Briefly upon the subject, & informed the assembly that we had no such custom or practice in the Church, & that we should not fellowship any individual who Practiced Magic fortune Telling, Black art &c for it was not of God. When It was moved & carried by the whole church that fellowship be withdrawn from Br Moumford.<ref>Wilford Woodruff, Journal, 28 March 1841; also cited in {{WWJ1|vol=2|start=75}}</ref>
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| − | And, most importantly, the Book of Mormon's treatment of "magic" or "sorcery" is ''always'' negative, which seems strange if (as we are asked to believe by the critics) Joseph Smith concocted it while at the same time embracing that same "magic."
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| − | ===The magician Walters as a mentor to Joseph Smith?===
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| − | {{Main|Joseph Smith/Occultism and magic/The magician Walters as a mentor to Joseph Smith|l1=The magician Walters as a mentor to Joseph Smith?}}
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| − | {{Endnotes label}}
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| | [[de:Joseph Smith/Okkultismus und Magie]] | | [[de:Joseph Smith/Okkultismus und Magie]] |
| | [[es:José Smith/El ocultismo y la magia]] | | [[es:José Smith/El ocultismo y la magia]] |
| | [[fr:Joseph Smith/Occultism and magic]] | | [[fr:Joseph Smith/Occultism and magic]] |
: Were Joseph Smith's spiritual experiences originally products of magic and the occult?
: Is Lucy Mack Smith's discussion of the "faculty of Abrac" and "magic circles" evidence for the strong role which "magick" played in the Smith family's early life?
: Did Joseph Smith, Sr., practice "divination," and is this evidence for the strong role which "magick" played in the Smith family's early life?
: Did early members of the Church believe in witchcraft? Was Joseph Smith involved in "the occult?"
: Was Joseph Smith's alleged preoccupation with "magick" supported by the fact that meetings with Moroni and the recovery of the Book of Mormon occurred on the autumnal equinox, a date with astrological and magical significance?
: Were Joseph Smith's religious ideas derived in part from Kabbalah, a type of (usually Jewish) mysticism?
: Did Joseph Smith have a Jupiter Talisman on his person when he was martyred? Is this proof of his fascination with the occult?
: A "vagabond fortune-teller" named Walters became popular in the Palmyra area. When Walters left the area, did "his mantle" fall upon Joseph Smith?
: Did the Smith family own "magic parchments," and does this suggest their involvement in the "occult?"
: The Smith's owned a magic dagger that was among Hyrum Smith's heirlooms. Is this proof of the Smith family's deep involvement in ritual magick?
