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Mormonism and Wikipedia/Joseph Smith, Jr./Early years
An analysis of Wikipedia article "Joseph Smith"
A FairMormon Analysis of Wikipedia: "Joseph Smith" A work by a collaboration of authors (Link to Wikipedia article here)
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Founding a church (1827–30) |
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The article has remarkable balance right now. Any attempts to deliberately add Mormon POV will both spark an edit war and in the end degrade the literary quality of the current article because of the difficulty of clearing the corpses from the battlefield when it concludes. Improvements in this article are more likely to come from deletions than additions.
—Editor "John Foxe," 13 January 2009 off-site
—Editor "John Foxe," 13 January 2009 off-site
I think Smith is handled with kid gloves in this article. There needs to be more emphasis on the fraudulent means that he used to start his religion and also the emphasis on sex at the end of his life.
—Editor "John Foxe," posting using his banned sockpuppet "Hi540," 13 January 2009 off-site
—Editor "John Foxe," posting using his banned sockpuppet "Hi540," 13 January 2009 off-site
Reviews of previous revisions of this section
19 May 2009
Summary: A review of this section as it appeared in Wikipedia on 19 May 2009.Section review
Early years (1805–1827) Updated 9/3/2011
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
Joseph Smith, Jr. was born on December 23, 1805, in Sharon, Vermont to Lucy Mack Smith and her husband Joseph, a merchant and farmer.
Author's sources:
- Bushman (2005) , pp. 9, 30; Smith (1832) , p. 1.
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
After a crippling bone infection at age eight, the younger Smith hobbled on crutches as a child.
Author's sources:
- Bushman (2005) , p. 21.
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
In 1816–17, the family moved to the western New York village of Palmyra
Author's sources:
- Bushman (2005) , p. 30.
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
and eventually took a mortgage on a 100 acre farm in nearby Manchester town.
Author's sources:
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
During the Second Great Awakening, the region was a hotbed of religious enthusiasm.
Author's sources:
- Shipps (1985) , p. 7.
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
Although the Smith family was caught up in this excitement,
Author's sources:
- Brooke (1994) , p. 129 ("Long before the 1820s, the Smiths were caught up in the dialectic of spiritual mystery and secular fraud framed in the hostile symbiosis of divining and counterfeiting and in the diffusion of Masonic culture in an era of sectarian fervor and profound millenarian expectation.").
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
they disagreed about religion.
Author's sources:
- Vogel (2004) , p. xx (Smith family was "marked by religious conflict".); Hill (1989) , pp. 10–11 (noting "tension between [Smith's] mother and his father regarding religion").
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
Joseph Smith may not have joined a church in his youth,
Author's sources:
- Smith said that he decided in 1820, based on his First Vision, not to join any churches Smith (Mulholland) , p. 4. However, Lapham (1870) said that Smith's father told him his son had once become a Baptist).
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
but he participated in church classes
Author's sources:
- Smith is known to have attended Sunday school at the Western Presbyterian Church in Palmyra Matzko (2007) . Smith also attended and spoke at a Methodist probationary class in the early 1820s, but never officially joined (Turner (1852) , p. 214; Tucker (1876) , p. 18).
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
and read the Bible. With his family, he took part in religious folk magic,
Author's sources:
- Quinn (1998) , p. 30("Joseph Smith's family was typical of many early Americans who practiced various forms of Christian folk magic."); Bushman (2005) , p. 51 ("Magic and religion melded in the Smith family culture."); Shipps (1985) , pp. 7–8; Remini (2002) , pp. 16, 33.
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
a common practice at the time.
Author's sources:
- Quinn (1998) , p. 31; Hill (1977) , p. 53 ("Even the more vivid manifestations of religious experience, such as dreams, visions and revelations, were not uncommon in Joseph's day, neither were they generally viewed with scorn.").
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
Like many people of that era,
Author's sources:
- Quinn (1988) , pp. 14–16, 137.
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
both his parents and his maternal grandfather had visions or dreams that they believed communicated messages from God.
Author's sources:
- Bushman (2005) , pp. 26, 36; Brooke , p. 1994; Mack (1811) , p. 25; Smith (1853) , pp. 54–59, 70–74.
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
Smith later said that he had his own first vision in 1820, in which God told him his sins were forgiven
Author's sources:
- Smith (1832) ; Bushman (2005) , p. 39 (When Smith first described the vision twelve years after the event, "[h]e explained the vision as he must have first understood it, as a personal conversion".)
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
and that all the current churches were false.
Author's sources:
- No source provided
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
The Smith family supplemented its meager farm income by treasure-digging,
Author's sources:
- Quinn (1998) , p. 136.
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
likewise relatively common in contemporary New England
Author's sources:
- Newell (Avery) , pp. 16("Money digging, or treasure hunting, was widespread among the rural areas of New York and New England as well as the area of Pennsylvania near the Hales'.")
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
though the practice was frequently condemned by clergymen and rationalists and was often illegal.
Author's sources:
- Quinn (1998) , pp. 25–26, 30. "Despite the fact that folk magic had widespread manifestations in early America, the biases of the Protestant Reformation and Age of Reason dominated the society's responses to folk magic. The most obvious effect was that every American colony (and later U.S. state) had laws against various forms of divination." (30)
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
Joseph claimed an ability to use seer stones for locating lost items and buried treasure.
Author's sources:
- Quinn (1987) , p. 173; Bushman (2005) , pp. 49–51; Persuitte (2000) , pp. 33–53.
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
To do so, Smith would put a stone in a white stovepipe hat and would then see the required information in reflections given off by the stone.
Author's sources:
- Brooke (1994) , pp. 152–53; Quinn (1998) , pp. 43–44; Bushman (2005) , pp. 45–52. See also the following primary sources: Harris (1833) , pp. 253–54; Hale (1834) , p. 265; Clark (1842) , p. 225; Turner (1851) , p. 216; Harris (1859) , p. 164; Tucker (1867) , pp. 20–21; Lapham (1870) , p. 305; Lewis (Lewis) , p. 1; Mather (1880) , p. 199.
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
In 1823, while praying for forgiveness from his "gratification of many appetites,"
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
Smith said he was visited at night by an angel named Moroni, who revealed the location of a buried book of golden plates as well as other artifacts, including a breastplate and a set of silver spectacles with lenses composed of seer stones, which had been hidden in a hill near his home.
Author's sources:
- Smith (Mulholland) , p. 4.
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
Smith said he attempted to remove the plates the next morning but was unsuccessful because the angel prevented him.
Author's sources:
- Mormon historian Richard Bushman argues that "the visit of the angel and the discovery of the gold plates would have confirmed the belief in supernatural powers. For people in a magical frame of mind, Moroni sounded like one of the spirits who stood guard over treasure in the tales of treasure-seeking." Bushman (2005) , p. 50.
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
During the next four years, Smith made annual visits to the hill, only to return without the plates because he claimed that he had not brought with him the right person required by the angel.
Author's sources:
- Quinn (1998) , pp. 163–64; Bushman (2005) , p. 54 (noting accounts stating that the "right person" was originally Smith's brother Alvin, then when he died, someone else, and finally his wife Emma).
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
Meanwhile, Smith continued traveling western New York and Pennsylvania as a treasure seeker and also as a farmhand.
Author's sources:
- Bushman (2005) , pp. 47–53; Newell (Avery) , pp. 17; Quinn (1998) , pp. 54–57
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
In 1826, he was tried in Chenango County, New York, for "glass-looking," the crime of pretending to find lost treasure.
Author's sources:
- Hill (1977) , pp. 1–2; Bushman (2005) , pp. 51–52; (1829), Revised Statutes of the State of New York Packard and Van Benthuysen off-site ("[A]ll persons pretending to tell fortunes, or where lost or stolen goods may be found,...shall be deemed disorderly persons.")
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
While boarding at the Hale house in Harmony, he met Emma Hale and, on January 18, 1827, eloped with her because her parents disapproved of his treasure hunting.
Author's sources:
- Bushman (2005) , p. 53.
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
Claiming his stone told him that Emma was the key to obtaining the plates,
Author's sources:
- Quinn (1998) , pp. 163–64; Bushman (2005) , p. 54 (noting accounts stating that Emma was the key).
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
Smith went with her to the hill on September 22, 1827. This time, he said, he retrieved the plates and placed them in a locked chest.
Author's sources:
- Bushman (2005) , pp. 60.
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
He said the angel commanded him not to show the plates to anyone else but to publish their translation, reputed to be the religious record of indigenous Americans.
Author's sources:
- Smith (Mulholland) , pp. 5–6
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
Joseph later promised Emma's parents that his treasure-seeking days were behind him.
Author's sources:
- Bushman (2005) , pp. 54
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
Although Smith had left his treasure hunting company, his former associates believed he had double-crossed them by taking for himself what they considered joint property.
Author's sources:
- Harris (1859) , p. 167; Bushman (2005) , p. 61.
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
They ransacked places where a competing treasure-seer said the plates were hidden,
Author's sources:
- Bushman (2005) , pp. 54 (treasure seer Sally Chase attempted to find the plates using her seer stone).
FAIR's Response
The author(s) of Check link or content make(s) the following claim:
and Smith soon realized that he could not accomplish the translation in Palmyra.
Author's sources:
- Bushman (2005) , pp. 60–61; Remini (2002) , p. 55.
FAIR's Response
References
| Wikipedia references for "Joseph Smith, Jr." |
- Abanes, Richard, (2003), One Nation Under Gods: A History of the Mormon Church Thunder's Mouth Press
- Allen, James B., The Significance of Joseph Smith's "First Vision" in Mormon Thought off-site .
- (1992), The Mormon Experience University of Illinois Press .
- (1980), The Lion and the Lady: Brigham Young and Emma Smith off-site .
- Bergera, Gary James (editor) (1989), Line Upon Line: Essays on Mormon Doctrine Signature Books .
- Bloom, Harold, (1992), The American Religion: The Emergence of the Post-Christian Nation Simon & Schuster .
- Booth, Ezra, Mormonism—Nos. VIII–IX (Letters to the editor) off-site .
- Brodie, Fawn M., (1971), No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith Knopf .
- Brooke, , (1994), The Refiner's Fire: The Making of Mormon Cosmology, 1644–1844 Cambridge University Press .
- Bushman, Richard Lyman, (2005), Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling , New York: Knopf .
- Clark, John A., (1842), Gleanings by the Way , Philadelphia: W.J. & J.K Simmon off-site .
- Compton, Todd, (1997), In Sacred Loneliness: The Plural Wives of Joseph Smith Signature Books .
- Foster, Lawrence, (1981), Religion and Sexuality: The Shakers, the Mormons, and the Oneida Community , New York: Oxford University Press .
- Harris, Martin, (1859), Mormonism—No. II off-site .
- Hill, Donna, (1977), Joseph Smith: The first Mormon , Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Co. .
- Hill, Marvin S., (1976), Joseph Smith and the 1826 Trial: New Evidence and New Difficulties off-site .
- Hill, Marvin S., (1989), Quest for Refuge: The Mormon Flight from American Pluralism Signature Books off-site .
- Howe, Eber Dudley, (1834), Mormonism Unvailed: Or, A Faithful Account of that Singular Imposition and Delusion, from its Rise to the Present Time , Painesville, Ohio: Telegraph Press off-site .
- Hullinger, Robert N., (1992), Joseph Smith's Response to Skepticism Signature Books off-site .
- Jessee, Dean, (1976), Joseph Knight's Recollection of Early Mormon History off-site .
- Lapham, [La]Fayette, (1870), Interview with the Father of Joseph Smith, the Mormon Prophet, Forty Years Ago. His Account of the Finding of the Sacred Plates off-site .
- Larson, Stan, (1978), The King Follett Discourse: A Newly Amalgamated Text off-site .
- Mormon History off-site .
- Mack, Solomon, (1811), A Narraitve [sic] of the Life of Solomon Mack Windsor: Solomon Mack off-site .
- (1994), Inventing Mormonism Signature Books .
- Marquardt, H. Michael, (1999), The Joseph Smith Revelations: Text and Commentary Signature Books .
- Marquardt, H. Michael, (2005), The Rise of Mormonism: 1816–1844 Xulon Press .
- Matzko, John, (2007), The Encounter of the Young Joseph Smith with Presbyterianism off-site .
- Morgan, Dale, Walker, John Phillip (editor) (1986), Dale Morgan on Early Mormonism: Correspondence and a New History Signature Books off-site .
- (2008), Joseph Smith Jr.: reappraisals after two centuries Oxford University Press .
- Newell, Linda King, (1994), Mormon Enigma: Emma Hale Smith University of Illinois Press .
- (1999), Mormon America: The Power and the Promise HarperSanFrancisco .
- Persuitte, David, (2000), Joseph Smith and the origins of the Book of Mormon McFarland & Co. .
- Phelps, W.W. (editor) (1833), A Book of Commandments, for the Government of the Church of Christ , Zion: William Wines Phelps & Co. off-site .
- Prince, Gregory A, (1995), Power From On High: The Development of Mormon Priesthood Signature Books .
- Quinn, D. Michael, (1994), The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power Signature Books .
- Quinn, D. Michael, (1998), Early Mormonism and the Magic World View Signature Books .
- Remini, , (2002), Joseph Smith: A Penguin Life Penguin Group .
- Roberts, B. H. (editor) (1902), History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , Salt Lake City: Deseret News off-site .
- Roberts, B. H. (editor) (1904), History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , Salt Lake City: Deseret News off-site .
- Roberts, B. H. (editor) (1905), History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , Salt Lake City: Deseret News off-site .
- Roberts, B. H. (editor) (1909), History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , Salt Lake City: Deseret News off-site .
- Shipps, Jan, (1985), Mormonism: The Story of a New Religious Tradition University of Illinois Press .
- Smith, George D., (1994), Nauvoo Roots of Mormon Polygamy, 1841–46: A Preliminary Demographic Report off-site .
- Smith, George D, (2008), Nauvoo Polygamy: "...but we called it celestial marriage" Signature Books .
- Smith, Joseph, Jr., (1830), The Book of Mormon: An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon, Upon Plates Taken from the Plates of Nephi , Palmyra, New York: E. B. Grandin off-site . See Book of Mormon.
- Smith, Joseph, Jr., Jessee, Dean C (editor) (1832), Personal Writings of Joseph Smith , Salt Lake City: Deseret Book .
- Jessee, Dean C (editor) (1839–1843), Personal Writings of Joseph Smith Deseret Book .
- (1835), Doctrine and Covenants of the Church of the Latter Day Saints: Carefully Selected from the Revelations of God , Kirtland, Ohio: F. G. Williams & Co off-site . See Doctrine and Covenants.
- Smith, Joseph, Jr., Church History [Wentworth Letter] off-site . See Wentworth letter.
- Smith, Lucy Mack, (1853), Biographical Sketches of Joseph Smith the Prophet, and His Progenitors for Many Generations , Liverpool: S.W. Richards off-site . See The History of Joseph Smith by His Mother
- Tucker, Pomeroy, (1867), Origin, Rise and Progress of Mormonism , New York: D. Appleton off-site .
- Turner, Orsamus, (1852), History of the Pioneer Settlement of Phelps and Gorham's Purchase, and Morris' Reserve , Rochester, New York: William Alling off-site .
- Joseph Smith: The Gift of Seeing off-site .
- Van Wagoner, Richard S., (1992), Mormon Polygamy: A History Signature Books .
- Vogel, Dan, (1994), The Locations of Joseph Smith's Early Treasure Quests off-site .
- Vogel, Dan, (2004), Joseph Smith: The Making of a Prophet Signature Books .
- Widmer, Kurt, (2000), Mormonism and the Nature of God: A Theological Evolution, 1830–1915 McFarland .
Further reading
Mormonism and Wikipedia
FairMormon's approach to Wikipedia articles
FairMormon regularly receives queries about specific LDS-themed Wikipedia articles with requests that we somehow "fix" them. Although some individual members of FAIR may choose to edit Wikipedia articles, FairMormon as an organization does not. Controversial Wikipedia articles require constant maintenance and a significant amount of time. We prefer instead to respond to claims in the FAIR Wiki rather than fight the ongoing battle that LDS Wikipedia articles sometimes invite. From FAIR’s perspective, assertions made in LDS-themed Wikipedia articles are therefore treated just like any other critical (or, if one prefers, "anti-Mormon") work. As those articles are revised and updated, we will periodically update our reviews to match.
Who can edit Wikipedia articles?
Editors who wish to participate in editing LDS-themed Wikipedia articles can access the project page here: Wikipedia:WikiProject Latter Day Saint movement. You are not required to be LDS in order to participate—there are a number of good non-LDS editors who have made valuable contributions to these articles.
Recommendations when editing Wikipedia articles
FAIR does not advocate removing any references from Wikipedia articles. The best approach to editing Wikipedia is to locate solid references to back up your position and add them rather than attempting to remove information. Individuals who intend to edit should be aware that posting information related to the real-world identities of Wikipedia editors will result in their being banned from editing Wikipedia. Attacking editors and attempting to "out" them on Wikipedia is considered very bad form. The best approach is to treat all Wikipedia editors, whether or not you agree or disagree with their approach, with respect and civility. An argumentative approach is not constructive to achieving a positive result, and will simply result in what is called an "edit war." Unfortunately, not all Wikipedia editors exhibit good faith toward other editors (see, for example, the comment above from "Duke53" or comments within these reviews made by John Foxe's sockpuppet "Hi540," both of whom repeatedly mocked LDS beliefs and LDS editors prior to their being banned.)
Do LDS editors control Wikipedia?
Although there exist editors on Wikipedia who openly declare their affiliation with the Church, they do not control Wikipedia. Ironically, some critics of the Church periodically falsely accuse Wikipedia editors of being LDS simply because they do not accept the critics' desired spin on a particular article.
Do "anti-Mormons" control Wikipedia?
Again, the answer is no. The truth is that Wikipedia is generally self-policing. Highly contentious articles do tend to draw the most passionate supporters and critics.
Why do certain LDS articles seem to be so negative?
Although some LDS-related Wikipedia articles may appear to have a negative tone, they are in reality quite a bit more balanced than certain critical works such as One Nation Under Gods. Although many critical editors often accuse LDS-related Wikipedia articles of being "faith promoting" or claim that they are just an extension of the Sunday School manual, this is rarely the case. Few, if any, Latter-day Saints would find Wikipedia articles to be "faith promoting." Generally, the believers think that the articles are too negative and the critics believe that the articles are too positive. LDS Wikipedia articles should be informative without being overtly faith promoting. However, most of the primary sources, including the words of Joseph Smith himself, are "faith promoting." This presents a dilemma for Wikipedia editors who want to remain neutral. The unfortunate consequence is that Joseph's words are rewritten and intermixed with contradictory sources, resulting in boring and confusing prose.
We examine selected Wikipedia articles and examine them on a "claim-by-claim" basis, with links to responses in the FairMormon Answers Wiki. Wikipedia articles are constantly evolving. As a result, the analysis of each article will be updated periodically in order to bring it more into line with the current version of the article. The latest revision date may be viewed at the top of each individual section. The process by which Wikipedia articles are reviewed is the following:
- Update each Wikipedia passage and its associated footnotes.
- Examine the use of sources and determine whether or not the passage accurately represents the source used.
- Provide links to response articles within the FairMormon Answers Wiki.
- If violation of Wikipedia rules is discovered, identify which Wikipedia editor (by pseudonym) made the edit, provide a description of the rule violated and a link to the Wikipedia "diff" showing the actual edit.
- If a violated rule is later corrected in a subsequent revision, the violation is removed and a notation is added that the passage is correct per cited sources. This doesn't mean that FAIR necessarily agrees with the passage—only that it is correct based upon the source used.
Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship, "Mormonism and Wikipedia: The Church History That “Anyone Can Edit”"
Roger Nicholson, Interpreter: A Journal of Latter-day Saint Faith and Scholarship, (2012)The ability to quickly and easily access literature critical of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has been made significantly easier through the advent of the Internet. One of the primary sites that dominates search engine results is Wikipedia, an online encyclopedia that “anyone can edit.” Wikipedia contains a large number of articles related to Mormonism that are edited by believers, critics, and neutral parties. The reliability of information regarding the Church and its history is subject to the biases of the editors who choose to modify those articles. Even if a wiki article is thoroughly sourced, editors sometimes employ source material in a manner that supports their bias. This essay explores the dynamics behind the creation of Wikipedia articles about the Church, the role that believers and critics play in that process, and the reliability of the information produced in the resulting wiki articles.
Click here to view the complete article
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