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==Question: What is the current state of the evidence for proving or disproving that Joseph Smith had children by his plural wives?==
 
==Question: What is the current state of the evidence for proving or disproving that Joseph Smith had children by his plural wives?==
 
===As always, we are left where we began—with more suspicions and possibilities than certitudes===
 
===As always, we are left where we began—with more suspicions and possibilities than certitudes===
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====Table 2====
 
====Table 2====
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==='''''Table 11‑2 Possible Children of Joseph Smith, Jr., by Plural Marriage===
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This table is in the same order as [[Question:_Can_you_summarize_what_we_know_about_whether_or_not_Joseph_Smith_fathered_any_children_by_his_plural_wives%3F#Table_11.E2.80.911_Possible_Children_of_Joseph_Smith.2C_Jr..2C_by_Plural_Marriage|Table 1]].
  
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This table is in the same order as [[#Table_1|Table 1]].<ref>MN = Brodie, No Man Knows My History, 2nd edition (1971); Bachman, "Mormon Practice of Polygamy" (1975); VW=Van Wagoner, Mormon Polygamy, 2nd edition (1989); Fo = Foster, Religion and Sexuality (1984); Co = Compton, In Sacred Loneliness (1997); Be = Bergera, "Identifying the Earliest Mormon Polygamists," (2005); Ha = Hales, Joseph Smith’s Polygamy (2013). Y – indicates the author considers the child a possible child of Joseph Smith, Jr. N - indicates that author argues against this child being Joseph's child, or lists someone else as the father. Ø  - indicates that author does not mention the possibility (pro or con) of this being Josep's child.</ref>
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<div style="width: 80%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 1.5em; border-style: solid; border-color: lightgrey grey grey lightgrey; border-width: 1px; padding: 1em; background-color: #fff0a0;"><font size = 1>'''''Key:'''''
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* NM = Brodie, ''No Man Knows My History'', 2nd edition (1971);
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* Bachman, "Mormon Practice of Polygamy" (1975);  
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* VW=Van Wagoner, ''Mormon Polygamy'', 2nd edition (1989);  
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* Fo = Foster, ''Religion and Sexuality'' (1984);  
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* Co = Compton, ''In Sacred Loneliness'' (1997);  
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* Be = Bergera, "Identifying the Earliest Mormon Polygamists," (2005);  
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* Ha = Hales, ''Joseph Smith’s Polygamy'' (2013).
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'''''Notation''''':
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* Y – indicates the author considers the child a possible child of Joseph Smith, Jr.  
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* N - indicates that author argues against this child being Joseph's child, or lists someone else as the father.  
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* Ø  - indicates that author does not mention the possibility (pro or con) of this being Joseph's child.</font></div><!--Yellow box ends-->
  
 
[[File:Table2-ChildrenOfPluralMarriage.png]]
 
[[File:Table2-ChildrenOfPluralMarriage.png]]
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Brodie;<ref>{{CriticalWork:Brodie:No Man Knows/Short|pages=345, 464}}</ref> Bachman;<ref>{{Book:Bachman:Thesis:1975/Short|pages=139}}</ref>; and Compton.<ref>Compton points out that "It is striking that Marinda had no children while Orson was on his mission to Jerusalem [15 April 1840–7 December 1842], then became pregnant soon after Orson returned home.  (He arrived in Nauvoo on December 7, 1842, and Marinda bore Orson Washington Hyde on November 9, 1843}}) – {{Book:Compton:Brodie on JS Plural Wives/Short|pages=165}}</ref>
 
Brodie;<ref>{{CriticalWork:Brodie:No Man Knows/Short|pages=345, 464}}</ref> Bachman;<ref>{{Book:Bachman:Thesis:1975/Short|pages=139}}</ref>; and Compton.<ref>Compton points out that "It is striking that Marinda had no children while Orson was on his mission to Jerusalem [15 April 1840–7 December 1842], then became pregnant soon after Orson returned home.  (He arrived in Nauvoo on December 7, 1842, and Marinda bore Orson Washington Hyde on November 9, 1843}}) – {{Book:Compton:Brodie on JS Plural Wives/Short|pages=165}}</ref>
  
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===Conclusions===
 
As always, we are left where we began—with more suspicions and possibilities than certitudes.  One's attitude toward Joseph and the Saints will influence, more than anything else, how these conflicting data are interpreted.
 
As always, we are left where we began—with more suspicions and possibilities than certitudes.  One's attitude toward Joseph and the Saints will influence, more than anything else, how these conflicting data are interpreted.
  
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Brigham and Cannon, a member of the First Presidency, would have known of Joseph's offspring if any of the LDS leadership did.  Yet, despite the religious and public relations value which such a child would have provided, they knew of none.  It is possible that Joseph had children by his plural wives, but by no means certain.  The data are surprisingly ephemeral.
 
Brigham and Cannon, a member of the First Presidency, would have known of Joseph's offspring if any of the LDS leadership did.  Yet, despite the religious and public relations value which such a child would have provided, they knew of none.  It is possible that Joseph had children by his plural wives, but by no means certain.  The data are surprisingly ephemeral.
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[[es:Pregunta: ¿Cuál es la condición actual de la evidencia para probar o refutar que Joseph Smith tuvo hijos de sus esposas plurales?]]
 
[[es:Pregunta: ¿Cuál es la condición actual de la evidencia para probar o refutar que Joseph Smith tuvo hijos de sus esposas plurales?]]
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[[Category:Questions]]

Latest revision as of 20:25, 5 May 2024

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Question: What is the current state of the evidence for proving or disproving that Joseph Smith had children by his plural wives?


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Question: What is the current state of the evidence for proving or disproving that Joseph Smith had children by his plural wives?

As always, we are left where we began—with more suspicions and possibilities than certitudes

Few authors agree on which children should even be considered as Joseph's potential children. Candidates which some find overwhelmingly likely are dismissed—or even left unmentioned—by others. Recent scholars have included between one to four potential children as options. Of these, Josephine Lyon was the most persuasive, until her relationship to Joseph Smith was ultimately disproven through DNA testing. Orson W. Hyde died in infancy, and so can never be definitively excluded as a possible child, though the dates of conception argue against Joseph's paternity. Oliver Gray Frost is mentioned in two sources as having a child by Joseph. Both she and the child died in Nauvoo, so no genetic evidence will ever be forthcoming.[1]

Table 2

Table 11‑2 Possible Children of Joseph Smith, Jr., by Plural Marriage

This table is in the same order as Table 1.

Key:
  • NM = Brodie, No Man Knows My History, 2nd edition (1971);
  • Bachman, "Mormon Practice of Polygamy" (1975);
  • VW=Van Wagoner, Mormon Polygamy, 2nd edition (1989);
  • Fo = Foster, Religion and Sexuality (1984);
  • Co = Compton, In Sacred Loneliness (1997);
  • Be = Bergera, "Identifying the Earliest Mormon Polygamists," (2005);
  • Ha = Hales, Joseph Smith’s Polygamy (2013).

Notation:

  • Y – indicates the author considers the child a possible child of Joseph Smith, Jr.
  • N - indicates that author argues against this child being Joseph's child, or lists someone else as the father.
  • Ø - indicates that author does not mention the possibility (pro or con) of this being Joseph's child.

Table2-ChildrenOfPluralMarriage.png

Endnote links for above table

Brodie;[2] Bachman;[3]; and Compton.[4]

Conclusions

As always, we are left where we began—with more suspicions and possibilities than certitudes. One's attitude toward Joseph and the Saints will influence, more than anything else, how these conflicting data are interpreted.

The uncertainty surrounding Joseph's offspring is even more astonishing when we appreciate how much such a child would have been valued. The Utah Church of the 19th century was anxious to prove that Joseph had practiced full plural marriage, and that their plural families merely continued what he started. Any child of Joseph's would have been treasured, and the family honoured. There was a firm expectation that even Joseph's sons by Emma would have an exalted place in the LDS hierarchy if they were to repent and return to the Church.[5] As Alma Allred noted, "Susa Young Gates indicated that [Brigham Young] wasn’t aware of such a child when she wrote that her father and the other apostles were especially grieved that Joseph did not have any issue in the Church."[6]

In 1884, George Q. Cannon bemoaned this lack of Joseph's posterity:

There may be faithful men who will have unfaithful sons, who may not be as faithful as they might be; but faithful posterity will come, just as I believe it will be the case with the Prophet Joseph's seed. To-day he has not a soul descended from him personally, in this Church. There is not a man bearing the Holy Priesthood, to stand before our God in the Church that Joseph was the means in the hands of God, of founding—not a man to-day of his own blood,—that is, by descent,—to stand before the Lord, and represent him among these Latter-day Saints.[7]

Brigham and Cannon, a member of the First Presidency, would have known of Joseph's offspring if any of the LDS leadership did. Yet, despite the religious and public relations value which such a child would have provided, they knew of none. It is possible that Joseph had children by his plural wives, but by no means certain. The data are surprisingly ephemeral.


Notes

  1. ↑ Brian C. Hales, Joseph Smith's Polygamy Volume 1: History (Salt Lake City, Utah: Greg Kofford Books, 2013), 298.
  2. ↑ Brodie, No Man Knows My History, 345, 464.
  3. ↑ Bachman, "Mormon Practice of Polygamy," 139.
  4. ↑ Compton points out that "It is striking that Marinda had no children while Orson was on his mission to Jerusalem [15 April 1840–7 December 1842], then became pregnant soon after Orson returned home. (He arrived in Nauvoo on December 7, 1842, and Marinda bore Orson Washington Hyde on November 9, 1843}}) – Compton, "Fawn Brodie on Joseph Smith's Plural Wives," 165.
  5. ↑ See, for example, Brigham Young, "I have a Few Times in My Life Undertaken to Preach to a Traveling Congregation, but My Sermons have been Very Short, and Far Between," (7 October 1866) from Brigham Young Addresses, 1865–1869, A Chronological Compilation of Known Addresses of the Prophet Brigham Young, edited by Elden J. Watson (Salt Lake City), Vol. 5; cited in The Essential Brigham Young, 187–191; Brigham Young, "Increase of the Saints Since Joseph Smith's Death, &c.," (24 August 1872) reported by David W. Evans, Journal of Discourses Vol. 15 (London: Latter-day Saint's Book Depot, 1873), 136}}
  6. ↑ Alma Allred, "Review of Todd Compton's In Sacred Loneliness," (6 December 1999) (no pages).
  7. ↑ JD 25:369. (19 Oct 1884). wiki
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