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Testimonies

Marcel Kahne

Je viens d’une famille juive non pratiquante. Mes parents et quasiment toute ma famille indirecte ont été déportés et assassinés au camp de concentration d’Auschwitz. Ayant été recueilli par une famille belge non juive juste avant les grandes rafles de 1942 à Anvers (Belgique) par les Allemands, j’ai échappé à leur sort. J’avais alors six ans et la perte de mes parents — j’ai pris conscience très tôt du caractère définitif de leur disparition — m’a profondément affecté. Quand je me revois, enfant, je suis étonné de constater à quel point le déracinement (adaptation à une autre famille, à un autre milieu, apprentissage d’une autre langue) peut mûrir même un enfant de six ans. Avec le temps, je me suis mis à rechercher un sens à la vie. En avait-elle un ? À quoi rimait-elle ? Était-elle, comme Shakespeare l’exprime amèrement dans Macbeth, « une ombre qui marche ; un pauvre comédien qui s’agite et se pavane une heure sur scène et puis qu’on n’entend plus… une histoire, racontée par un idiot, pleine de bruit et de fureur, et qui ne signifie rien » ou y avait-il un Dieu, comme celui dont on me parlait au cours de religion catholique à l’école primaire, et si oui, que nous voulait-il ?

Dans mon adolescence, je me suis mis à étudier la religion de mes ancêtres grâce à une tante qui vivait en Israël et qui m’a envoyé des livres et m’a mis en contact avec un rabbin. Mais le judaïsme n’avait pas de réponse à me donner. Pendant cette même période, je suivais les cours de religion catholique à l’école et j’étais fasciné par Jésus-Christ, mais le reste de l’enseignement ne répondait à aucune de mes questions, au contraire. Une année, l’ecclésiastique qui nous donnait le cours de religion avait trouvé le moyen d’éliminer les problèmes de discipline qui sont la plaie de ce genre de cours en nous obligeant à écrire sous sa dictée pendant les cinquante minutes de chaque période de cours. Le sujet était la conception chrétienne traditionnelle de Dieu : sa nature, la Trinité et la question de l’existence du mal. La conception de ce Dieu, un tout immatériel sans parties, qui pouvait être entièrement dans chaque particule de matière tout en n’étant qu’un, qui était un mais aussi trois, dont un élément (qui n’était pas un élément puisque Dieu est un tout sans parties) était sorti de Dieu pour venir sur la terre nous sauver (pour satisfaire quelle justice ?) et ensuite rentrer en lui, qui avait tout créé de rien, qui, situé hors du temps, avait à un moment donné (d’un temps qui n’existait pas ?) créé (dans quel but ?) un univers imparfait (pourquoi imparfait ?) et autorisé/voulu/été incapable d’empêcher le mal, cette conception qui défie toute logique et qui, de surcroît, était en contradiction avec la Bible et n’était pas le produit de la Révélation mais des cogitations des théologiens du IVe siècle, n’était pour moi qu’un tissu d’invraisemblances. Comment pouvais-je aimer de tout mon cœur, de toute mon âme et de toute ma pensée, comme le commande Jésus, et considérer comme « mon Père céleste » ce Néant tout-puissant qui est le Totalement Autre ? Comment pouvais-je accepter que cet Être, qui m’avait créé de rien et à qui je devais donc d’être comme j’étais, puisse me rendre responsable des imperfections que lui-même avait mises en moi ? Et surtout, cela ne répondait pas à ma question fondamentale : La vie a-t-elle un sens ?

En fait, j’avais déjà reçu ma réponse. Dès l’âge de douze ans, j’avais décidé de devenir professeur d’anglais. Mon père adoptif, rencontrant un jour les missionnaires de l’Église de Jésus-Christ des Saints des Derniers Jours, qui avaient installé un stand en ville, et ayant remarqué qu’ils étaient de langue anglaise, les invita à la maison. Leur message ne l’intéressait absolument pas, mais il se disait qu’ils pourraient parler anglais avec moi et m’aider à apprendre la langue. J’étais alors dans ma quinzième année et en pleine recherche spirituelle. Je les interrogeai sur leur religion et je découvris que Joseph Smith avait vu Dieu le Père et son Fils, Jésus-Christ, et que la description qu’il faisait d’eux était celle d’un témoin oculaire et non celle d’un théoricien de la religion. Ses révélations m’apprenaient que les hommes, dans leur état fondamental, et la matière, dans son état non organisé, existaient par eux-mêmes et n’avaient pas besoin d’être tirés du néant. Dieu avait pris en charge les intelligences primitives que nous étions, nous avait dotés d’un corps d’esprit, faisant ainsi de nous littéralement ses enfants, et avait conçu un Plan de Salut grâce auquel nous allions pouvoir connaître une évolution qui nous mènerait en bout de course à l’état de perfection divine et de bonheur divin atteint par Dieu-lui-même. Tous les problèmes rencontrés par la théologie chrétienne traditionnelle étaient résolus : Dieu était notre guide, pas notre cause et l’organisateur de l’univers pas un magicien tirant tout de rien. Il n’était pas le Totalement Autre, mais notre Père aimant s’efforçant de nous conduire à l’épanouissement et au bonheur de la perfection. Quant au mal, il était inhérent à notre nature comme le verso d’une feuille est indissociable de son recto et devait être neutralisé pour que nous puissions accéder au bonheur parfait. L’accession à cet idéal était subordonnée à l’alliance avec Jésus-Christ par le baptême et au respect de ses commandements, qui étaient ceux dont l’observation était indispensable pour nous amener à notre épanouissement et à notre bonheur parfaits. Et dans ce processus, les morts qui n’avaient pas eu l’occasion de connaître l’Évangile et de se prononcer à son sujet n’étaient pas oubliés, l’Évangile leur étant annoncé dans le monde d’esprit postmortel et les alliances nécessaires étant faites pour eux dans les temples. Non seulement j’avais mes réponses, mais je savais que je reverrais mes parents et qu’ils seraient toujours mes parents.

Mais tout cela pouvait n’être qu’une belle théorie, ingénieusement conçue par un esprit particulièrement habile. Était-ce uniquement une affaire de logique ou de conviction ? N’y avait-il pas quelque part un ancrage dans la vie réelle ? Je n’allais pas tarder à en trouver un dans le Livre de Mormon. Pendant que j’étudiais avec les missionnaires, l’un d’eux me donna un jour un exemplaire du livre du professeur Hugh Nibley de BYU, Léhi dans le Désert et Le monde des Jarédites. Ce livre ancra mon témoignage tout neuf. Il montrait que le Livre de Mormon était tout à fait à l’aise dans le contexte historique dont il se réclamait, excluant toute possibilité qu’il ait été imaginé que ce soit par Joseph Smith ou par l’un quelconque de ses contemporains. De plus il m’apprit quelque chose qui allait jouer un grand rôle dans mon étude future des écrits sacrés : le fait que chaque mot, chaque bout de phrase, chaque structure un peu surprenante dans les Écritures peut cacher un détail historique ou doctrinal important et que les Écritures doivent donc être étudiées minutieusement. Le Livre de Mormon était manifestement un document historique authentique et les personnes, les lieux et les faits qu’il mentionne étaient réels. Je ne le savais pas encore, mais cette découverte n’était que le début d’une longue histoire d’amour entre le Livre de Mormon et moi .

Je me suis fait baptiser à ma majorité et j’ai fait une mission en France. À l’époque (1960-1962), tout ce qui était manuel et livre de leçons était traduit et imprimé au bureau de la mission à Paris. Je faisais déjà des traductions pour l’Église depuis environ deux ans et au bout de quelques semaines en mission, le président de mission m’invita au bureau de la mission pour faire de la traduction. Ce travail m’amena à comparer les citations du Livre de Mormon anglais avec leur traduction française de l’époque. Je ne tardai pas à constater qu’il y avait des contresens et d’autres inexactitudes dans la version française, qui était la traduction originelle faite en 1851 sous la direction de Curtis E. Bolton. J’en fis un relevé et allai trouver le président de mission pour le lui présenter. Rapport fut fait à la Première Présidence, à la suite de quoi je fus invité à faire une révision du texte français du Livre de Mormon (et, dans la foulée, une retraduction des Doctrine et Alliances et de la Perle de Grand Prix), révision toutefois strictement limitée aux erreurs les plus flagrantes. Mon travail déboucha sur l’édition française des Écritures de 1962.

Ce travail me laissa insatisfait. Il y avait, dans la traduction française originelle, trop de libertés que je n’avais pas pu corriger. Curieusement, toutefois, j’avais la certitude qu’une révision complète de cette traduction aurait lieu un jour et que ce serait moi qui la ferais. Je n’avais absolument aucun doute là-dessus. Il fallait donc que je me prépare en étudiant l’ouvrage de manière approfondie. D’autres livres de Hugh Nibley tels que An Approach to the Book of Mormon et Since Cumorah continuèrent à renforcer ma conviction de l’authenticité historique du Livre de Mormon et de la nécessité pour le traducteur de « coller » au maximum au texte anglais parce que celui-ci trahissait délibérément des formes et des structures de la langue d’origine.

Le moment tant attendu se présenta vingt-trois ans après la publication de l’édition de 1962. Après un immense travail préparatoire effectué par l’université Brigham Young pour fournir aux traducteurs un Guide de traduction et un Lexique donnant la signification de chaque mot dans chacune de ses occurrences et l’heureuse coïncidence ( ?) de la réédition de l’American Dictionary of the English Language, l’édition originale du Webster de 1828, permettant de vérifier la signification qu’avaient les mots anglais à l’époque de Joseph Smith, l’Église lança, en 1985, un vaste programme de traduction du Livre de Mormon, des Doctrine et Alliances et de la Perle de Grand Prix dans de nombreuses langues et, par la même occasion, une révision des traductions existantes. Je fus désigné pour être le traducteur principal pour le français, flanqué d’une nuée de réviseurs chargés de vérifier l’exactitude de mon travail. C’est à ce moment-là que je fus chargé de traduire, pour le magazine de l’Église en français, un article de l’ethnologue John Sorenson intitulé « Digging into the Book of Mormon ». Très intéressé par son contenu, je consultai les notes de fin d’article et découvris les coordonnées d’une fondation appelée F.A.R.M.S., constituée de chercheurs et de professeurs d’université membres de l’Église. Je me procurai son catalogue et achetai tous les fascicules qui étaient déjà publiés. Sorenson venait aussi de publier son ouvrage fondateur An Ancient American Setting for the Book of Mormon dont la lecture me renforça encore dans la certitude que le Livre de Mormon traitait de personnes réelles dans un cadre géographique et culturel réel et dans la conviction que le texte anglais recelait des trésors d’authenticité historique qui exigeaient que ma traduction soit aussi proche de l’original anglais que possible. Les articles du professeur John Welch sur le chiasme dans le Livre de Mormon et sur la différence entre les termes « theft » et « robbery », les articles de John Tvedtnes et d’autres sur les hébraïsmes, le traité de Donald W. Parry sur les parallélismes du livre et d’autres encore donnèrent un éclairage tout neuf à certains passages du livre et montrèrent que les traducteurs, moi y compris, ne savaient parfois pas ce qu’ils traduisaient.

La mission du traducteur était définie par une circulaire de la Première Présidence qui exigeait que la traduction soit aussi proche que possible de l’original anglais, directive avec laquelle j’étais d’autant plus d’accord que je ne voulais pas que ma traduction soit un obstacle à la communication de découvertes futures aux lecteurs de langue française. Le traducteur qui essaie de rendre le Livre de Mormon dans sa langue tout en restituant autant que possible toutes les nuances et toutes les subtilités de l’anglais et, dans le cas du Livre de Mormon, d’un anglais assez particulier, fruit d’une traduction serrée de laquelle ressortent toutes sortes de sémitismes, ce traducteur-là découvre le livre comme peu d’autres personnes peuvent le faire. Sa cohésion interne, la rigueur de sa terminologie et de ses structures sautent aux yeux. Il apparaît clairement que celui qui a rédigé le texte n’est pas quelqu’un qui l’aurait inventé chemin faisant, mais quelqu’un qui écrivait avec soin dans une grande unité de vocabulaire et de formulation, une caractéristique qui fait de la traduction une opération encore plus ingrate que dans le cas d’un texte ordinaire. Arrivé à la fin de 1 Néphi, après un travail minutieux aidé de la prière, et après avoir revu le texte cinq fois, j’étais fier de moi, convaincu que ma traduction était ce que l’on pouvait humainement faire de mieux. Arrivé à Mosiah, je n’étais plus sûr de rien et j’étais prêt à jeter tout mon travail au feu. Je suis convaincu que si le livre avait été celui d’un imposteur, je n’aurais pas eu ce problème-là. Le travail de retraduction du Livre de Mormon et des autres Écritures modernes en français, qui dura de la fin 1985 à la mi-1998 (avec l’intervention de comités de révision successifs créés par les Autorités générales soucieuses d’avoir la certitude que le travail était fait correctement), fut aussi une période de découvertes en chaîne concernant le Livre de Mormon par les chercheurs de F.A.R.M.S. dont certaines eurent un impact sur la traduction. Je sortis de cette expérience plus convaincu que jamais que le Livre de Mormon était un document historique authentique et que le seul moyen d’expliquer son existence était d’admettre l’authenticité de l’histoire de Joseph Smith.

Que l’on me comprenne bien. Je n’ai pas dit que l’on a « prouvé » l’authenticité du livre au sens scientifique du terme. Ceux qui ont accumulé les confirmations historiques et littéraires du Livre de Mormon se défendent de l’avoir fait. En quoi ils ont raison puisque la notion de preuve est éminemment personnelle. Ce qui entraîne la conviction de l’un, n’entraîne pas celle de l’autre. Une chose est néanmoins claire : Il n’est dorénavant plus possible — du moins si l’on se considère comme intellectuellement honnête — de juger le Livre de Mormon d’une manière équitable si l’on ne tient pas compte des évidences que la recherche a mises au jour.

Mais mon témoignage est ancré dans autre chose encore, quelque chose de bien plus essentiel. Il n’est pas une simple question de raisonnement sur la religion ni une affaire de découvertes rendues possibles par la recherche scientifique, encore que ces deux types de considérations jouent un rôle de consolidation important. Il repose sur la certitude de l’existence objective de Dieu basée sur une notion introduite par Joseph Smith à la suite de son vécu à lui : celui de la révélation personnelle. Joseph Smith a eu la réponse à ses questions en prenant au mot l’invitation de Jacques 1:5 dans le Nouveau Testament (« Si quelqu’un d’entre vous manque de sagesse, qu’il la demande à Dieu, qui donne à tous simplement et sans reproche, et elle lui sera donnée ») et en faisant l’expérience d’aller dans un endroit solitaire et d’y prier Dieu. Sa prière a débouché sur la Première Vision. Fort de cela, il a enseigné à ceux qui l’ont suivi qu’ils n’étaient pas obligés de croire aveuglément ce qu’il leur disait. Ils pouvaient savoir si c’était vrai en demandant à Dieu et en recevant eux-mêmes la réponse. C’est le principe de la révélation personnelle. C’est l’invitation que lance le Livre de Mormon lui-même : « Et lorsque vous recevrez ces choses, je vous exhorte à demander à Dieu, le Père éternel, au nom du Christ, si ces choses ne sont pas vraies; et si vous demandez d’un cœur sincère, avec une intention réelle, ayant foi au Christ, il vous en manifestera la vérité par le pouvoir du Saint-Esprit. Et par le pouvoir du Saint-Esprit, vous pouvez connaître la vérité de toutes choses » (Moroni 10:4-5).

J’ai fait cette expérience et j’ai reçu ma réponse. Mais ce n’est pas tout. Comme tout nouveau baptisé, j’ai reçu le don du Saint-Esprit, le droit à sa compagnie et à la révélation personnelle par son entremise lorsqu’il s’avère que celle-ci est nécessaire. Cette manifestation du « murmure doux et léger », comme l’appelle 1 Rois 19:12, je l’ai vécue bien des fois au fil des années et je peux témoigner qu’elle existe bel et bien. Ceux qui ne croient pas pourront avoir recours à leur arsenal habituel d’explications, psychologiques ou autres, mais s’ils n’ont pas appliqué le principe dans leur vie et n’ont pas fait cette expérience, il leur manque un élément d’appréciation fondamental. La révélation personnelle ne fait pas de moi un illuminé. C’est quelque chose de trop subtil pour cela. Bien souvent, c’est après coup que je m’aperçois de ce petit coup de pouce que j’ai reçu du Saint-Esprit. Mais chaque fois qu’il se manifeste, il me conforte dans ce que je sais déjà : que Dieu existe, qu’il est notre Créateur et notre Père et qu’il se soucie de chacun de nous.

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Marcel Kahne est diplômé de l’Université libre de Bruxelles en philologie germanique et a fait une carrière comme professeur d’anglais, de néerlandais et d’allemand dans l’enseignement secondaire supérieur. Il est aujourd’hui à la retraite. Il est aussi, depuis plus de cinquante ans, traducteur à temps partiel pour l’Église Il a fait une mission à plein temps en France de 1960 à 1962 et a rempli divers postes dans l’Église dont ceux de président de branche et de district, de membre du grand conseil et de conseiller dans trois présidences de pieu. Il est actuellement membre de l’épiscopat de sa paroisse. Sa première épouse (maintenant décédée) et lui ont quatre enfants et huit petits-enfants.

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I come from a non-practising Jewish family. My parents and almost all my extended family were deported and murdered at the Auschwitz (Poland) concentration camp. Having been taken in by a non-Jewish Belgian family right before the great 1942 roundups by the Germans in Antwerp, Belgium, I escaped their fate. I was six at the time, and the loss of my parents—I became aware very early of the final nature of their disappearance—affected me deeply. Looking back on my childhood, I am impressed by how deeply being uprooted (having to adjust to another family, another environment, learning another language—I spoke Flemish and had to learn French) can mature even a six-year-old child. In time, I started searching for a meaning to life. Did it have any? Did it make any sense at all? Was it, as Shakespeare bitterly puts it in Macbeth, “a walking shadow, a poor player that struts and frets his hour upon the stage and then is heard no more . . . a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing,” or was there a God, like the one I was being told about in the Catholic religion class in elementary school? And if so, what did He want from us?

In my teenage years, I started studying the religion of my ancestors, thanks to an aunt who lived in Israel and who sent me books and put me in touch with a rabbi. But Judaism had no answer for me. During this same period, I took Catholic religion classes at school and became fascinated with Jesus Christ, but the remainder of the teaching did not answer any of my questions. Far from it. One year, the Catholic priest who taught us religion found a way to eliminate the problems of unruly classes, which usually plague teachers of religion, by compelling us to write under his dictation during the fifty minutes of each class period. The subject was the traditional Christian concept of God: His nature, the Trinity and the matter of the existence of evil. Such a concept of God, seen as an immaterial whole without any parts; who could be entirely in each particle of matter while at the same time being only one; who was one but also three; an element of whom (which was not an element since God is a whole without parts) had left God to come to earth and save us (to satisfy whose justice?) and then return into him; who had created everything out of nothing; who, while located out of time, had at a given time (of a time that did not exist?) created (for what purpose?) an imperfect universe (why imperfect?) and allowed/wanted/been unable to prevent evil—such a concept that defies all logic and which, in addition, was in contradiction with the Bible and was not the product of revelation but of the wild imaginings of fourth-century theologians, was nothing more than balderdash to me. How could I love this almighty Nothing, who is the Totally Other, with all my heart, might, mind, and strength, as Jesus commands, and consider Him to be “my Father which is in Heaven”? How could I accept that this Being, who had created me out of nothing and to whom I therefore owed that I was as I was, could make me responsible for imperfections He Himself had placed in me? And especially, that did not answer my basic question: Does life have meaning?

Actually, I had already received my answer. By the age of twelve, I had made up my mind I would become an English teacher. One day my foster father met a couple of missionaries of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints who were holding a street meeting in the city where we lived, and, having noticed that they were English speakers, invited them to his house. He wasn’t interested in their message at all, but he thought that they could talk English with me and thus help me learn the language. I was then in my fifteenth year and right in the middle of my spiritual quest. I asked them about their religion and discovered that Joseph Smith had seen God the Father and His Son, Jesus Christ, and that his description of Them was that of an eyewitness and not that of a religious theoretician. His revelations taught me that men, in their primeval state, and matter, in its unorganized state, existed by themselves and did not need to be created ex nihilo. God had taken charge of us as primal intelligences, had endowed us with a spirit body, thus making us His literal children, and had conceived a Plan of Salvation through which we would be able to go through an evolution that would eventually bring us to that condition of divine perfection and happiness reached by God Himself. All the problems encountered by traditional Christian theology were solved: God was our guide, not our cause, and the organizer of the universe, not a magician extracting everything from nothingness. He was not the Totally Other, but our loving Father endeavoring to lead us to the fulfillment and happiness of perfection. As far as evil was concerned, it was inherent in our nature just as the back of a sheet is inseparable from its front and was to be neutralized so that we could reach perfect happiness. Access to this ideal was subordinated to a covenant with Jesus Christ through baptism and keeping His commandments, which were those whose observation was essential to bringing us to our perfect fulfillment and happiness. And in this process, those dead who had not had any opportunity to come to know the Gospel and decide for or against it were not forgotten, the Gospel being declared to them in the postmortal spirit world and the necessary covenants being made for them in the temples. I not only had my answers, but I knew I would see my parents again and they would still be my parents.

But all of this might just be a beautiful theory, cleverly conceived by a particularly skillful mind. Was it just a matter of logic or conviction? Wasn’t there some anchoring in real life somewhere? It wouldn’t be long until I found one in the Book of Mormon. While I was studying with the missionaries, one of them gave me a copy of a book by BYU professor Hugh Nibley, Lehi in the Desert and The World of the Jaredites. This book clinched my brand new testimony. It showed that the Book of Mormon was entirely at home in the historical framework it claimed for itself, excluding any possibility that it was contrived either by Joseph Smith or any of his contemporaries. Moreover, it taught me something that was going to play a significant role in my coming study of the sacred writings: the fact that each word, phrase, or intriguing pattern in the scriptures can conceal an important historical or doctrinal feature and that the scriptures therefore need to be studied minutely. The Book of Mormon was obviously an authentic historical record and the people, places, and facts it records were real. I did not know it yet, but this discovery was just the beginning of a long love story between me and the Book of Mormon.

I was baptized when I came of age at twenty-one and served a mission in France. At the time (1960-62), everything by way of handbooks and lesson manuals was translated and printed at the mission office in Paris. I had already completed translations for the church for about two years and, after I had been on my mission for a couple of weeks, the mission president called me to the mission office to translate. This work gave me an opportunity to compare quotations from the English Book of Mormon with their French translation of the time. It did not take long for me to notice that there were mistranslations and other inaccuracies in the French version, which was the original translation made in 1851 under the direction of Curtis E. Bolton. I prepared a report and discussed it with the mission president. It was submitted to the First Presidency, whereupon I was invited to revise the French text of the Book of Mormon (and, while I was at it, to retranslate the Doctrine and Covenants and the Pearl of Great Price). The revision, however, was to be strictly limited to the most obvious errors. My work led to the 1962 French edition of the scriptures.

This work left me dissatisfied. There were too many inaccuracies in the original French translation which I had not been allowed to correct. Curiously, however, I felt sure a full revision of this translation would take place one day and I would be the one to do it. There was not any doubt in my mind about this. I therefore needed to prepare by studying the book thoroughly. Other works of Hugh Nibley such as An Approach to the Book of Mormon and Since Cumorah kept strengthening my conviction of the historical authenticity of the Book of Mormon and the need for the translator to follow the English text as closely as possible because it deliberately betrayed forms and structures of the source language.

The long awaited time occurred twenty-three years after the publication of the 1962 edition. After an extensive preliminary work carried out by Brigham Young University to provide translators with a Translation Guide and a Lexicon giving the meaning of each word in each of its occurrences and, as luck (?) would have it, a republication of the American Dictionary of the English Language, the original 1828 edition of the Webster Dictionary, making it possible to check the meaning of English words at the time of Joseph Smith, the Church launched in 1985 a vast translation program of the Book of Mormon, Doctrine and Covenants, and Pearl of Great Price in many languages and, at the same time, a revision of the existing translations. I was appointed to be the main translator for the French language, assisted by a swarm of reviewers whose duty was to check the accuracy of my work. At that very time I was requested to translate an article by ethnologist John Sorenson entitled “Digging into the Book of Mormon.” Being very interested by its contents, I looked up the footnotes and discovered the address of a foundation called FARMS, made up of LDS researchers and university professors. I procured their catalog and bought all the booklets that had already been published. Sorenson had also just published his seminal work An Ancient American Setting for the Book of Mormon, the reading of which strengthened my conviction even more that the Book of Mormon was dealing with real people within an actual geographical and cultural framework and that the English text concealed treasures of historical authenticity which required my translation to be as close to the English original as possible. Professor John Welch’s articles on chiasmus in the Book of Mormon and on the difference between the terms theft and robbery, articles by John Tvedtnes and others on Hebraisms, Donald W. Parry’s treatise on parallelisms in the book, and still others shed a new light on some features of the book and showed that translators, including myself, sometimes did not know what they were translating.

The translator’s mission was defined by a First Presidency statement requiring that the translation should be as close as possible to the English original, an injunction I all the more agreed with since I did not want my translation to be an obstacle to a communication of future discoveries to French-speaking readers. A translator who tries to render the Book of Mormon in his own language while rendering at the same time as much as possible all the nuances and subtleties of the English and, in the case of the Book of Mormon, a rather peculiar English, a product of a tight translation showing all kinds of semitisms—such a translator discovers the book as few other people will. Its internal consistency, and the rigor of its terminology and patterns, are obvious. It appears clearly that whoever wrote the text was not somebody who would have made it up as he went, but somebody who wrote carefully with a great consistency in the choice of words and formulation, a characteristic which makes translation even more arduous than in the case of an ordinary text. When I reached the end of 1 Nephi, after a meticulous, prayerful work and after reviewing the text five times, I was proud of myself, convinced that my translation was the very best that could humanly be done. By the time I had reached Mosiah, I was not sure of anything any more and I was ready to delete all I had done. I am convinced that, if the book had been that of an impostor, I would not have had such a problem. The work of retranslating the Book of Mormon and the other Latter-day scriptures into French, which lasted from late 1985 to mid-1998 (with the input of successive revision committees created by the General Authorities who wanted to make sure the job had been done appropriately), was also a period during which a string of discoveries was made concerning the Book of Mormon by FARMS researchers, some of which had an impact on the translation. I went away from the experience being more convinced than ever that the Book of Mormon was an authentic historical document and that the only way its existence could be explained was to admit the authenticity of the Joseph Smith story.

Let there be no misunderstanding me. I did not say the authenticity of the book in the scientific sense of the term has been “proved”. Those who have piled up the historical and literary confirmations of the Book of Mormon have denied doing so. In this they are right, since the concept of proof is eminently personal. That which convinces the one does not convince the other. One thing is nevertheless clear: Henceforth it is not possible any more—at least if one considers oneself intellectually honest—to judge the Book of Mormon fairly without taking into account those evidences research has brought forth.

But my testimony is anchored in yet something else that is far more fundamental. It is not a mere matter of reasoning about religion nor a matter of discoveries made possible by scientific inquiry, although these two types of considerations play a significant role in reinforcing one’s testimony. My testimony rests with the certainty of the objective existence of God based on a concept introduced by Joseph Smith as a result of his own personal experience: that of personal revelation. Joseph Smith had his questions answered as he did what James 1:5 in the New Testament suggested (“If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, that giveth to all men liberally, and upbraideth not; and it shall be given him”) and made the experiment of going to a secluded place and praying to God there. His prayer led to the First Vision. On the strength of that he taught his followers that they were not required to believe blindly what he was telling them. They could know for themselves whether it was true by asking God and receiving an answer for themselves. This is the principle of personal revelation. It is the challenge issued by the Book of Mormon itself: “And when ye shall receive these things, I would exhort you that ye would ask God, the Eternal Father, in the name of Christ, if these things are not true; and if ye shall ask with a sincere heart, with real intent, having faith in Christ, he will manifest the truth of it unto you, by the power of the Holy Ghost. And by the power of the Holy Ghost ye may know the truth of all things.” (Moroni 10:4-5).

I made this experiment and I received my answer. But that is not all. Like every newly baptized individual, I received the gift of the Holy Spirit, the right to His company and, through Him, personal revelation when needed. This manifestation of the “still small voice,” as it is called in 1 Kings 19:12, I have experienced many times over the years and I can testify that it actually exists. Those who do not believe may fall back on their usual arsenal of explanations, psychological or otherwise, but if they do not apply the principle in their lives and do not make this experiment, they miss a basic element of evaluation. Personal revelation does not make me a crank. It is something too subtle for that. Very often, it is only in hindsight that I become aware of this small nudge in the right direction received from the Holy Ghost. But whenever it occurs, it reinforces what I know already: that God exists, that he is our Creator and our Father and that he is concerned with each one of us.

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Marcel Kahne has an MA in Germanic languages from the Université libre de Bruxelles and is a retired teacher of English, Dutch, and German. He has also been a part-time translator for the Church for over fifty years. He served a full-time mission in the French Mission from 1960 to 1962 and has served in many positions in the church, among others as a branch and district president, a high councillor, and a counselor in three stake presidencies. He is currently a member of his ward bishopric. He and his first wife (now deceased) have four children and eight grandchildren.

Posted November 2010

Steven J. Stewart

As a poet, I write my way into what I don’t yet know, seeking to render or articulate thoughts, feelings, and nuances of perception in ways that have never before been rendered or articulated in exactly the way I’m doing. It’s like seeking revelation, and every poem is a reaching, a prayer, a quest for new light and knowledge. For me, writing poetry is an extension of my Mormon self and perspective. At their best, and for me when I’m at my best, Mormonism and poetry are both about seeking new truth and reaching forth to understand and experience the glory of creation, the whole of it. Since the advent of Modernism, this is a conception of poetry that isn’t entirely unexpected. And, while it’s a way of looking at Mormonism that may seem strange to many people both of and outside of the faith, I think it partakes of and is consistent with the spirit of Joseph Smith and the early Mormon church.

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Poet and translator Steven J. Stewart is a faculty member in the English Department at Brigham Young University–Idaho. He has a Ph.D. in Creative Writing from Florida State University. He was awarded a 2005 Literature Fellowship for Translation by the National Endowment for the Arts and a 2007 Idaho Humanities Council Research Fellowship. His book of translations of Spanish poet Rafael Pérez Estrada, Devoured by the Moon, which was published by Hanging Loose Press in 2004, was a finalist for the 2005 PEN-USA translation award. He has published translations of various significant Spanish and Latin American writers including Carlos Edmundo de Ory, Ángel Crespo, Rafael Ballesteros, and Ana María Shua. His book of the selected microfictions of Shua was published by the University of Nebraska Press in 2009.

Posted November 2010

Lynne Hilton Wilson

When I think about the teachings of the restored church of Jesus Christ I am filled with awe at their simplicity and simultaneous multifaceted depth. The gospel plan seems so straightforward: God loves His children and has prepared a way for them to find peace through repentance, baptism, and the Gift of the Holy Ghost to guide them through life. And yet when I seriously study that doctrine I am fascinated with its expanding ramifications, continuity, symbolism, typology, and harmony with the natural world. A good example of the latter occurred when I began researching for my dissertation. I contrasted the pneumatology of nineteenth century Americans and was overwhelmed by how much richer Joseph Smith’s understanding of the Holy Spirit was, compared to his peers. He did not claim authorship of the intricate ideas, though, but attributed divine revelation as the source of his doctrine. Again I observed the balance between the simplicity of personal inspiration and the new far-reaching insights it brought.

As an undergraduate I was fascinated by the Book of Mormon’s ties to Hebraic linguistics—syntax, chiasmus, numerology, and history. The more I studied, the more connections I was able to make between the Book of Mormon and biblical history and thought. It was stimulating and interesting, and yet that is not why I am a believer. I believe that the Book of Mormon is a second witness of Jesus Christ because, after studying it, I prayed to know if it were the word of God. God answered my prayers with a feeling of sweet peace and His love. My mind was enlightened and I knew it was true from a feeling deep within me that resonated of rightness. This witness from the Holy Spirit has been repeated over and over as I further experiment on the Word of God.

These feelings motivate me to try every day to live the life of a disciple of Christ. I often fall short, and that is why I desperately need a Savior. I am filled with gratitude for Jesus Christ whom I accept as my Redeemer and the Son of God. I have felt the cleansing power of His Spirit and the blessings of repentance with its corollary, the love of God. I believe with Isaiah, “He was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities: the chastisement of our peace was upon him; and with his stripes we are healed” (53:5). I also believe that he was the promised Messiah and fulfilled the Mosaic Law. He came at the meridian of time and will come again to rule and reign during the thousand years of peace known as the millennium.

I believe the Savior’s ministry continues in the twenty-first century under the direction of living prophets and apostolic priesthood. These are not infallible people, but they are working under the direction of an omniscient and omnipresent devoted God. I believe God carries out His work through these servants and when they speak through the gift of revelation their words are the words that God wants communicated. This is an awesome thing, and yet I too have felt inspired by the Spirit of God so I can extend my faith to believe that repentant Peter served as the Lord’s mouthpiece and so can other anointed fishers of men.

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Lynne Hilton Wilson lives in Palo Alto, California, with her husband, Bishop Dow R. Wilson. She is mother to seven children—all with red hair. She graduated from BYU in 1982 with a degree in University Studies and Nursing. An accomplished cellist, Lynne played with the BYU Philharmonic and Chamber Orchestra at BYU. In 2003, she received her MA in Religious Studies from Cardinal Stritch University in Wisconsin. Her thesis explored Christ’s birth narratives in the New Testament. She received her PhD in Theology and American History at Marquette University, a Jesuit institution in Milwaukee, in 2010. Her dissertation focused on Joseph Smith’s understanding of the Holy Ghost compared to other nineteenth-century theologians. Lynne has been a volunteer in the Church Education System for the past fifteen years in France, Belgium, and Wisconsin, and, most recently, at Stanford University. She is a popular BYU Education Week presenter and has also presented and published papers at the Society of Biblical Literature, the Sperry Symposium, the BYU Studies 50th Anniversary Symposium, the BYU Religious Studies Center Easter Conference, and Stanford Friday Forums. Her first two books have been submitted for publication: Cultural Background and Baggage: Christ’s Empowerment of New Testament Women; and Spiritual Empowerment: Joseph Smith’s Understanding of the Spirit Contrasted with Preachers from the Second Great Awakening.

Posted November 2010

Alexander B. Morrison

I am a convert to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. I had only to hear the messages of the restored gospel to know they are true. I required no missionary discussions, no gradual enlightenment or period of personal turmoil, so my story may be somewhat unusual, though I believe it not to be unique.

When I first heard the story of the restoration as a university student, I was already deeply in love with my soon-to-be eternal companion. (Incidentally, my love for my dear wife has grown even deeper with the passing years.) Two aspects of the gospel particularly appealed to me: the glory of God is intelligence, and marriage is intended by God to be an eternal covenant between a man and a woman. These remain of unusual importance to me.

My faith is simple and unsophisticated. With Nephi, “I do not know the meaning of all things,” but this I do know of a certainty: God “loveth His children” (see Nephi 11:17). The beauty, complexity, and simplicity of molecular biology, which others have termed “the language of God,” only confirm what I long have known in my heart to be true. I remain deeply impressed by Paul’s prescient words on Mars’ hill: God “hath made of one blood all nations of men for to dwell on all the face of the earth” (Acts 17:26).

There it is in a nutshell. The meaning of true religion, to me at least, is just that simple. We are all God’s children. There are no barriers of race, ethnicity, skin color, education, or anything else which can separate us from Him. All we are required to do is to bring to Him our repentant, contrite, and broken hearts. Nothing else is needed. All of His children may qualify for His supernal blessings. I glory in that simple truth.

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Alexander B. Morrison (Ph.D., Cornell University), is a native of Canada. Trained in nutrition and pharmacology (in which he earned a second master’s degree some nine years after the completion of his doctorate), Dr. Morrison was a professor and administrator at the University of Guelph, in Ontario. He also chaired the Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee of the Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases in the World Health Organization and served as a deputy minister with Health Canada, in which capacity he oversaw issues of environmental and food safety.

Baptized into the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints as an adult, he served as a branch president, a bishop, a regional representative of the Twelve, and, from 1987 until he was given emeritus General Authority status in 2000, as a member of the First and Second Quorums of the Seventy.

Posted November 2010

Matthew Memmott

I was accosted frequently during my schooling about the apparent dichotomy between faith and science. I was told and “shown” that, to have faith, one was discounting science, while to believe in the cold analytical reasoning of the scientific method was to turn one’s back on faith. I have found that neither of those assumptions is true. Science and faith are not mutually exclusive! In fact, my faith greatly enhances my understanding of science!

My faith in God and in his divine Son Jesus Christ drives me to discover further the workings of their hands. I resonate somewhat with Einstein when he stated: “Every one who is seriously involved in the pursuit of science becomes convinced that a spirit is manifest in the laws of nature—a spirit vastly superior to that of man, and one in the face of which we with our modest powers must feel humble. In this way the pursuit of science leads to a religious feeling of a special sort.”

The hand of our Creator, our Eternal Father, is everywhere evident in the construction and design of this world, this solar system, this galaxy, and even the whole universe. The unique properties of frozen water, the power harnessed in the strong nuclear force, and even the patterns of night and day, and their influence in concentrations of various gaseous molecules in the atmosphere, all attest a Divine Architect who has orchestrated a beautiful mortal experience for His beloved children. In learning and researching these things, particularly in the field of nuclear science, I am again and again reminded of the power, wisdom, and love of God. I know that He is our Eternal Father, and that his love for us transcends all else.

In spite of all these evidences that enhance faith, there are yet things that we do not understand. There have often been perceived “gaps” between man’s collective scientific knowledge and the principles taught by God’s prophets. However, I have come to know that these apparent conflicts are often due to man’s lack of understanding. Time and again, science has caught up to what God has revealed, but until that time, there will always be those who confuse lack of evidence with unexplained contradictions.

It is with this perspective—that is, through the lens of faith—that I testify that God is a living, perfect being. He is perfect, and with that perfection comes a deep and abiding love for His children. He loves us deeply, and unconditionally. We, His spirit children, are imperfect, and as such, we must be redeemed through the blood of His Only Begotten Son, Jesus Christ. Through the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, all mankind will live again, and all will have the opportunity to return to God’s presence. I know this to be true, for God has revealed it to me. I know that God has called prophets to declare his word to the entire world. I also know that those prophets teach the higher knowledge of God, as compared to the lower thoughts and theories of man. In fact, on more than one occasion, I have held a belief that was rooted in the scientific theories of the day, and this belief was directly threatened by the words of the prophet. However, every single time, the words of the prophet have demonstrated themselves to be the will of God: correct and unaffected by the railings of men’s theories. I have aligned my scientific thinking with the revealed truths of God, and in so doing, my understanding of science is further enhanced.

God called a prophet in modern times to reveal His truths to the world. These truths, clear and untarnished, were taught through the prophet Joseph Smith Jr. throughout his short lifetime. The Book of Mormon, which is another testament of Jesus Christ, was translated by the prophet Joseph Smith, and today stands as a brilliant beacon of God’s love and Jesus’ far reaching love. I know these things to be true.

Perhaps most exciting to me is the fact that I am not abandoning logic, reason, or enlightened thinking to have faith in these things. On the contrary, just as strong scientific evidence confirms a theory, strong spiritual communications can confirm a principle taken on faith. Jesus taught that the Holy Ghost “would teach us all things” and that “by the power of the Holy Ghost [we] may know the truth of all things.” Though faith is often required initially in order to take the first step towards spiritual truth, God frequently rewards us with a visitation of his Holy Spirit. Through the manifestations of this Holy Spirit, the truth of all things, spiritual or secular, can be confirmed. I have felt these spiritual communications from the Spirit, and as such I know that the Gospel of Jesus Christ in its fullness has been restored to the earth. I know that only through Jesus Christ can all men be saved, and that to this end, his church, complete with prophets and apostles, has been restored to the earth. With complete confidence, I can attest to the divine love and mercy of Jesus Christ, and proclaim that any who want to “experiment” are free to do so; any who approach God in sincere prayer, with a humble heart, and a sincere desire to act on His answer, regardless of the difficulty, will receive a similar communication from a loving Heavenly Father. Of this I testify, in the name of Jesus Christ, Amen.

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Matthew Memmott was born in 1981 in Bountiful, Utah. He grew up in Centerville, Utah, spending his free time skiing, reading, and learning about science. After serving as a full time missionary in the Minnesota Minneapolis Mission, he received a four-year, full tuition scholarship to Brigham Young University. He graduated from Brigham Young University with a B.S. in Chemical Engineering in 2005. That fall, after being awarded the Department of Energy’s Nuclear Engineering and Health Physics Fellowship, he moved to Boston, where he matriculated in the Nuclear Science and Engineering Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He obtained his M.S. Degree from the Nuclear Science and Engineering Department in 2007, with a focus on the optimization of hydrogen production systems integration with gas-cooled fast spectrum nuclear reactors. After designing and evaluating more efficient fast reactor nuclear fuel configurations for his dissertation, he graduated with a Ph.D. in Nuclear Science and Engineering from MIT in the summer of 2009. He has authored or co-authored over twelve publications, and has a pending patent for nuclear reactor design configurations. He currently works as the senior scientist in the Advanced Reactors group at Westinghouse Electric Company, and is the principal investigator in the Westinghouse fast reactor concept development project.

Posted November 2010

Terryl L. Givens

If I have a spiritual gift it is perhaps an immense capacity for doubt. I have long lived in the Mormon Diaspora, growing up in Jerry Falwell’s Lynchburg, Virginia. My closest colleagues for twenty years have been a devout Catholic, an observant Jew, a seminary student turned Buddhist, and a born again Episcopalian. My wife Fiona is a lapsed Catholic, lover of the temple and all things beautiful, and fervent disciple of the weeping God of Enoch. I have, in other words, spent my life in intimate association with devout believers from myriad religious traditions; I hear my own professions of faith through their ears, and examine my own religious presuppositions with an eye to theirs.

In the course of my spiritual pilgrimage, my innate capacity for doubt led me to the insight that faith is a choice. That the call to faith is a summons to engage the heart, to attune it to resonate in sympathy with principles and values and ideals that we devoutly hope are true, and have reasonable but not certain grounds for believing to be true. I am convinced that there must be grounds for doubt as well as belief, for only in these conditions of equilibrium and balance, equally “enticed by the one or the other,” is my heart truly free to choose belief or cynicism, faith or faithlessness. Under these conditions, what I choose to embrace, to be responsive to, is the purest reflection of who I am and what I love. I choose to affirm that truthfulness of the Restored Gospel for five principal reasons.

1. Joseph Smith revealed the God I am most irresistibly drawn to worship.
2. He gave the only account of moral agency that to my mind can justify the horrific costs of our mortal probation.
3. He provided a story of the soul’s origin and destiny that resonates with the truth and the appeal of cosmic poetry.
4. The fruits of the gospel are real and discernible.
5. The restoration is generous in its embrace.

My two literary heroes are Dostoevsky’s Ivan from The Brothers Karamazov, and Mark Twain’s Huck Finn. Confronted with the God of their contemporaries, they chose to renounce the ticket rather than bow to the cruelty or the injustice of an omnipotent God.

I could never worship or adore a God who recoils in jealous insecurity because “man has become as one of us.” I could never desire to emulate the divine nature of a sovereign who does not save all of those who are in his power to save. And I could never love a God “without body, parts, or passions,” who does not himself feel love, or grief, or joy, or gladness. Christianity gave us the only God who was willing to die on behalf of his creation, as my wife has taught me. Joseph Smith added to that conception a God who intends our full participation in “the divine nature,” who will bestow upon every single one of his children all that they “are willing to receive,” and who made himself vulnerable enough to weep at our pain and misery. That is a God I am powerfully drawn to and gladly worship.

To say that without moral independence “there is no existence” is to make agency the essential constituent of our human identity. To my understanding, this means that God’s intervention in our personal and collective destiny is self-circumscribed by his reverence for that fact. And any gift he gives us which we do not choose to receive is an abrogation of that agency. This is the only theodicy or beginning to a theory of human salvation that makes any sense to me.

I sense, but do not know for certain, that the spiritual part of my being has an eternal past. As an explanatory paradigm, this view has awesome power. It provides a compelling reason for the intuitive sense of right and wrong, the familiar ring of myriad truths, friendships that erupt full-blown, hunger for a God we have not known in mortality, and a hundred moments of déjà vu in the presence of the Good, the Beautiful, and the True. And I cannot begin to fathom what it means to “become like God,” but Enoch gave us a glimpse. It means to love with infinite cost, to have a heart that “swells wide as eternity” in order to be filled with joy and sorrow alike. It is a prospect that sobers more than excites, but it is a prospect nonetheless that the pilgrimage of parenthood affirms and foreshadows.

The gospel works. I have seen its power to transform human life. I can affirm, as Gerard Manley Hopkins did, that “Christ plays in ten thousand places, lovely in limbs and lovely in eyes, not his, to the Father, through the features of men’s faces.” New converts and returned missionaries, who in their testimonies unexpectedly speak “with the tongues of angels,” a simple eloquence not of their own resources. Parting words of a beloved friend near death, before whom the veil grew suddenly thin to transparency. Lives redirected and imbued with sudden beauty, to rival anything narrated by a Dickens or a Hugo (whose stories of redemption resonate with their own transcendent power and familiarity).

Finally, the restored gospel is a gospel of liberality and generosity. It took my former-Catholic wife Fiona to teach me that the church John saw did not disappear; it retreated into the wilderness. Joseph Smith saw the Restoration as a bringing of that church back out of the wilderness, a restoration of the “ancient palace” now reduced to ruins, a reassembling of all the good and beautiful in the world and in the Christian tradition, that had been lost or corrupted from Eden forward. The church I love has invisible borders, and reminds me of what was written of Spinoza, that “he rejected the orthodoxy of his day not because he believed less, but because he believed more.” Or as Joseph wrote, “it feels so good not to be trammeled.”

For myriad reasons, but these five principally, I choose and affirm this path in order better to live as what Elder Uchtdorf calls “a disciple of the gentle Christ.”

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Terryl Givens was born in rural upstate New York, but spent his childhood in Arizona and then Virginia. After service as a missionary for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in São Paulo, Brazil, he received his bachelor’s degree in comparative literature from Brigham Young University and then, in 1988, his Ph.D. in comparative literature from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He accepted a position to teach English literature at the University of Richmond in the same year, and has lived with his family near Richmond, Virginia, with his family since then. He currently holds the James A. Bostwick Chair in English at the university, and has also served as a local Latter-day Saint bishop.

Dr. Givens’s early work focused on literary studies and, specifically, on romanticism. His dissertation and early publications treated the classical theory of mimesis and its dissolution in the nineteenth century. He shifted his research emphasis to the intersection of literary and religious studies with his first book, The Viper on the Hearth: Mormons, Myths, and the Construction of Heresy, which was published by Oxford University Press in 1997. Since then, he has written prolifically, including By the Hand of Mormon: The American Scripture that Launched a New World Religion (Oxford, 2002); The Latter-day Saint Experience in America (Greenwood, 2004); People of Paradox: A History of Mormon Culture (Oxford, 2007); The Book of Mormon: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2009); When Souls Had Wings: Pre-Mortal Existence in Western Thought (Oxford, 2010); and, with Matthew Grow, Parley P. Pratt: A Cultural and Intellectual Biography (Oxford, forthcoming). He has also published a well-regarded children’s book, Dragon Scales and Willow Leaves (G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1997).

Posted November 2010

Angela M. Berg Robertson

Believe in God; believe that he is, and that he created all things, both in heaven and in earth; believe that he has all wisdom, and all power, both in heaven and in earth; believe that man doth not comprehend all the things which the Lord can comprehend.

– Mosiah 4:9

As I contemplated what to write for the dedication of my Ph.D. thesis, I flipped through the dissertations of my predecessors. Most of them were dedicated to various family members of the author. Though I liked that idea, I had acknowledged my family warmly in the Acknowledgements section already. I also felt that the dedication should be the one that the thesis was written “to” or “for,” and as proud of me as my parents were for completing my dissertation, it wasn’t written “to” or “for” them. As I pondered this dilemma of the dedication, the idea of Matthew 5:16 kept pressing on my mind: “Let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father which is in heaven.” What I really wanted to do was dedicate my thesis to the Maker of all things—to my God.

Although our Heavenly Father is not the one who granted to me my degree, He is the one “to” whom and “for” whom I felt I had written my dissertation. I knew that He already knew everything I had discovered, yet I felt it was to glorify Him that I had worked so hard to uncover it. I decided to use a scripture for my dedication—not the whole text, just the reference. After a brief search among relevant passages and favorite verses, I decided on Mosiah 4:9 (quoted above). It felt beautifully appropriate…

“Believe in God; believe that he is…”
A strong admonition, yet something I had longed to say to my colleagues for years. The missionary opportunities had to me seemed few, and had never invited such a bold statement. Perhaps someday a colleague would see the reference, search “Mosiah 4:9” on the internet, and find it.

“…that he created all things…”
Among biologists, the idea of God “creating” life and mankind often generates an impatient, condescending tone. I do not claim to know how evolution and God interact, but I believe that they do, and I see no conflict between biology and the Gospel of Jesus Christ.

“…both in heaven and in earth…”
The phrase “in heaven” had special relevance and meaning because my dissertation was on the mechanics of bird flight.

“…believe that he has all wisdom…”
As I performed my research, sometimes I felt that I was merely tapping into God’s understanding. I would pray for help, knowing that He knew what I wanted to discover.

“…and all power, both in heaven and in earth…”
After all my research, I still couldn’t really say “how” birds fly, though I felt I had come closer. I am sure it is possible for us to know, but at times I just want to say that God keeps them aloft.

“…believe that man doth not comprehend all the things which the Lord can comprehend.”
At the end of every dissertation is a feeling that the years invested into research have only scratched the surface. There remains so much to learn of God’s infinite understanding.

The last principle of this verse, that “man doth not comprehend all the things which the Lord can comprehend,” not only applies in research. I find great comfort in knowing that God understands what I do not. He understands how we can live again after we die. He understands how we can be bound forever to our families. He understands how the suffering of Jesus Christ paid for my mistakes. He understands infinitely more.

For the wisdom and power of God, I am eternally grateful.

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Angela M. Berg Robertson received her Ph.D. from Harvard University in 2010, from the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology. Her research focused on the muscle function, kinematics (movement), and aerodynamics of takeoff and landing flight in birds. Portions of her dissertation have been published in the Journal for Experimental Biology, and the rest is currently in preparation for publication. She graduated from Duke University with a B.S. in Biology and a minor in Religion. She is currently a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Houston Center for Neuromotor and Biomechanics Research (in the National Center for Human Performance at the Texas Medical Center), where she is studying human locomotion.

Posted November 2010

Alan L. Wilkins

My first responsibility as an academic administrator at the university level at BYU was to manage the process by which “tenure” (we call it “continuing faculty status”) is granted to faculty members. Part of that responsibility involved reading the tenure files of faculty from across the university and the evaluations of their students, peers (both inside and outside the university), and their department and college leaders. What a surprise it was for me to see how very different the criteria were across the many disciplines for determining whether faculty members were qualified to “profess” that they knew something in their discipline. Criteria included performance virtuosity, theoretical rigor and insightfulness, creativity and care demonstrated in laboratory manipulation and statistical analysis, novelty of perspective, the number of others who cite the faculty member’s work, artistic flare, etc. Nevertheless, each department in the University was required to clarify for those of us outside that discipline how they determined whether the contributions and professions of a faculty member were valid.

This request to share my testimony with others whose criteria for professing that they know something might differ from mine leads me to first clarify the basis for my claims. Using these criteria I will then share several things that I “know.”

The last chapter in the Book of Mormon contains a promise that people can know that the things presented in this book of scripture are true if they “ask God, the Eternal Father, in the name of Christ.” If they ask with a “sincere heart, with real intent, having faith in Christ, he will manifest the truth of it unto you by the power of the Holy Ghost. And by the power of the Holy Ghost ye may know the truth of all things.”1 The things of God, says the apostle Paul in the New Testament, can only be learned through the “Spirit of God.”2 By that spirit, God speaks to us in our mind and in our heart.3 If we study something out in our mind and then ask God, he will cause us to feel through that same spirit either a confirming feeling indicating that our conclusions are appropriate or a “stupor of thought” suggesting that our thinking is wrong.4 We can study out or test the truthfulness of the things we are seeking to understand and know by living what God asks—for example, through reading the scriptures and obeying what we learn. As we do so, if these things are true, the Lord will help us to feel that our soul is being enlarged and our understanding enlightened. By this means, we can know that they are good and true.5

I have used these promises and understandings to experiment on the word of God and have felt a powerful confirmation of the truthfulness of several things. In this light, I want to share some things of God that I know.

I know that God the Father and His Son Jesus Christ appeared to Joseph Smith in 1820 and that through him they restored the Church of Jesus Christ in our era. That witness has been confirmed to my heart and mind so powerfully on so many occasions that I cannot doubt that it really occurred. I therefore know that God is a real being and that He loves His children and that we can communicate with Him as one person communicates with another. I also know that He is a being of glory whose light and power are beyond description.

I know that Jesus Christ is God’s Son and that He died for all of us so that we can overcome our sins and so that He can comfort and support us through life’s trials and struggles. I have felt His forgiveness by the power of the Holy Ghost and have experienced a change in my heart so that I want to do better and be better. As a church official I have helped many who sought forgiveness to trust in the Savior, repent of their wrongdoing, and make covenants with Him. I have seen their lives changed for the good. I have watched them become better fathers, mothers, children, friends, etc. I have helped many to find comfort in the loss of loved ones, strength to endure emotional and physical illness, and hope for even greater blessings in this life and in the life that surely follows because of His suffering for us and His resurrection from the dead.

I know that the Book of Mormon is the word of God because I have read, pondered, and applied the teachings of the Book of Mormon and because I have asked God in prayer according to the promise cited earlier. When my mother died as I was starting my senior year in high school, the Book of Mormon’s teachings about the world of spirits and the reuniting of body and spirit in the resurrection were among my greatest reassurances. I have thrilled to feel a growing conviction that the Book of Mormon contains the words of Christ and is thus a companion to the Bible in witnessing His divinity. The words of one of the Book of Mormon prophets are an example of the straightforward, simple, and powerful claims and teachings made in this holy writ: “And now, my beloved brethren . . . hearken unto these words and believe in Christ; and if ye believe not in these words believe in Christ. And if ye shall believe in Christ ye will believe in these words, for they are the words of Christ, and he hath given them unto me; and they teach all men that they should do good. And if they are not the words of Christ, judge ye—for Christ will show unto you, with power and great glory, that they are his words, at the last day; and you and I shall stand face to face before his bar; and ye shall know that I have been commanded of him to write these things, notwithstanding my weakness.”6

I have come to know that people don’t cease to exist when they die but go on to live in a world of spirits wherein they have the opportunity to hear the gospel of Jesus Christ if they haven’t heard it before. I have come to know that they can be close to us at times. In temples built and dedicated to that purpose we may make covenants with God that will unite us with our families for the eternities and we may do work (baptisms and other ordinances) for those who have died without hearing the gospel. They may choose to accept this vicarious work or not.

I have felt guided in my work as a professor. As I have done all I could do and asked for help, I have received ideas that came from beyond me and that were better than I am normally able to develop. I have experienced often in the classroom the guidance of the spirit of the Lord to remember something that would further the learning of students or been impressed to ask questions that weren’t in my teaching notes but that significantly improved the discussion and learning. I am not always guided this way but I know that from time to time something higher than I is helping and lifting my efforts, especially when I forget myself and desire deeply to help others.

In these and in many other similar experiences I feel humbled by the power for good that I feel working with and through me. I know that God lives, that He loves us, and that He wants to bless us as we seek Him and submit ourselves to His tutoring and transforming influences.

—-

Notes:
1 Moroni 10: 4-5
2 1 Corinthians 2:11
3 Doctrine and Covenants 8:2
4 Doctrine and Covenants 9: 8-9
5 Alma 32: 28-29
6 2 Nephi 33: 10-22

—————————————————–

Alan L. Wilkins earned his Ph.D. in Organizational Theory from Stanford University and is a professor in the Department of Organizational Leadership and Strategy in the Marriott School of Management at Brigham Young University. He chaired BYU’s Department of Organizational Behavior from 1992-1993, and then served as the University’s Associate Academic Vice President (1993-1996) and Academic Vice President (1996-2004) before being called to preside over the Argentina Buenos Aires North Mission of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 2004-2007. He currently serves as Associate Director of the BYU Faculty Center.

Posted November 2010

Dwight M. Blood

I was born a Mormon boy and during my nearly eight decades of life have never seen any reason not to die a Mormon man. I was also a farm boy, raised on an irrigated sugar beet and alfalfa hay farm in the small Penrose valley in northwest Wyoming, midway between the towns of Lovell and Powell. I was a child of the Great Depression, born in 1932, and my life was forever tinged, touched, and shaped by the influences of that troubled decade as I became increasingly aware over my lifetime of the desperation and perseverance that characterized the lives of my parents in struggling to survive those dark years of privation. And then I was a child born of a pioneer heritage, as my mother’s forebears and, later, my wife’s forebears were numbered among those courageous persons and families who gave up everything they had, including their families, to make the treacherous journeys from their home countries to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake and then to the sagebrush covered deserts waiting to be converted into farmland in northwest Wyoming.

The foundations of my faith in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints originate in those early life experiences. A one-room church meetinghouse was built in our little valley from lumber which came from a logjam on the Shoshone River near our home. My grandfather grew up in Scipio, Utah, and learned to drive mule trains to the gold camps in Nevada, and then was road foreman on many of the early roads in Yellowstone Park. He was branch president, and then bishop, of the Penrose Branch and then Penrose Ward for thirteen years. He had a third grade education, but became self-educated over the course of his life. One summer, when I was in college, grandpa asked me what I was reading. I told him I had just finished a graduate course in the diplomatic history of the U.S. He asked if he could borrow the book. I gave it to him and the next time I saw him he said, “Well they got most of it right, but not everything.”

As a boy, I came under his strong influence as I was privileged to work with him many long days on the farm. He talked continuously about his faith, about hard work, about Teddy Roosevelt, and about The Little Engine that Could. He was a scripture scholar, and could debate ministers under the table. Thus, without really realizing what was happening because of my youth, my own character, beliefs, and future were being shaped while we were setting cottonwood fenceposts, hauling hay, stretching fence, cleaning ditches, and driving a team of horses. At the time, I always wondered why we had to haul the biggest cottonwood post we could find a half mile to the head of the canal; why not make a smaller one do? Doing less than the best was never his way, as he used his limited resources to shape his farmstead into one of the most efficient farmsteads possible, though constructed of poles, gumbo soil roofs, and cast off slabs and lumber.

My dad had only a ninth grade education, though he was always a reader. He was gone from home seeking work a good deal of the time during the first ten of the sixteen years I spent at home. From him I learned the lessons of perseverance and hard work, and the dream to be creative and follow in his footsteps as a consummate artist who could fashion intricate designs into inlaid pictures (marquetry). I never made the leap to master marquetry, but I try hard to capture nature in all its beauty through photography and to use words to write about life and the world we live in. I learned only late in life, as I studied the financial account books of those early years of my life, just how tenuous economic survival was for my parents, and came to appreciate even more my dad’s capacity for hard work and his willingness to sacrifice all of his energy and limited resources for the benefit of his family.

My mother was a relatively quiet but unmistakably strong and undeviating force in our lives. As a young woman, she was one of the few girls in that area ever to venture as far as the University of Wyoming, over four hundred miles to the south, where she completed two years of school, became an elementary school teacher, and then raised her family. After her children were raised, she persevered once more and completed her bachelor’s degree at the age of 57, and taught elementary school until she retired. Her influence as a teacher and moral compass in our lives was subtle, but never wavering.

I spend this time on my heritage because the combined themes of pioneering, enduring under the most difficult of circumstances, hard work, doing the best that you can, and education became the guiding lights that influenced my life. I grew up thinking that if you worked hard enough, and learned enough, and had some sense of direction in your life, you could do about anything that you tried to do.

It was with this sense of feeling that I was learning something about life and the world I lived in that I spent the summer of my fourteenth year on a quest for learning. First of all, I figured that if the Prophet Joseph Smith could accomplish so much as a young farm boy, the least I could do was to read the Book of Mormon. So I did, from cover to cover, in between loads of hay and rows of sugar beets. So then, the question was, what about this story the young boy told about personages who appeared to him in a grove of trees? And did Joseph really see the Father and His Son Jesus Christ? And how could this untutored young farm boy have learned enough to compile the Book of Mormon without some extraordinary intervention of divinity? I liked the fact that Joseph Smith was a farm boy, that at the same age I then was, he had experienced this incredible light and these personages from the heavens that ultimately would change and influence the lives of millions of people. I have read the Book of Mormon many times since, but never once could I begin to recapture my feelings of wonder and transformation that occurred on that first passage through the pages of this book.

Forever after, I marveled at how these humble but profound beginnings would lead people from the far corners of the earth to forsake families after being forsaken by them, to give up all worldly resources and risk death and privation and persecution to answer and to give credibility to the testimonies of their heart and soul. I thought so many times why would church leaders like my grandfather and church members like my family feel that their testimonies were so powerful that they were willing to sacrifice everything to be faithful members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints? What motivated my grandfather, ill with malaria and ordered by his mission president in Florida to go home during the Spanish-American War, to tell his mission president that “if I go home, I will go home in a box”?

After reading the Book of Mormon that summer, I then read The Articles of Faith, by James E. Talmage, in order to try to make sure that I could understand enough to ensure that I had a firm belief in the truth of what I had been studying. My summer readings concluded with A Voice of Warning, by Parley P. Pratt, a small book that I borrowed permanently from the Penrose Ward church library. I carried the book around in my jeans pocket as I drove tractor, drove team, hauled hay, and did chores during my fourteenth summer, until it became bent in the middle and sweat stained. I have that book still today.

For me, after that summer, being a Mormon came down simply to believing the story of the boy in the grove of trees and then believing the story of the young man with the book and everything that went with these two stories. That was it: a boy in a grove of trees who saw a pillar of light with the Father and the Son and was given some instructions, and a young man with a book. Either Joseph Smith saw the vision he said he saw in the forest, and translated the Book of Mormon in the way that he said he did, or he didn’t. My experience that summer convinced me that everything happened just the way Joseph said it happened.

I have since likened my testimony to the rings in a cross section of a tree trunk. I didn’t think that my testimony was ever a fixed entity, but that it began in unformed pieces and then grew, became refined, became fine-tuned over my life. But the core of the tree, the foundation of everything else, was the boy and the grove and the young man and the book.

Church for me as a youth meant attending at the Powell WY Oddfellows Hall, a small white stucco building that is still standing. Our bishopric was a weathered trio of hard-scrabble sugar beet farmers with limited educations. We boys liked to march around the room and salute the picture of General McArthur hanging on the wall during WWII. But I remember the bishop telling me, “Now Dewite,” as he called me, “I want you to remember about your tithing.” It was there that I advanced from deacon to teacher to priest. It was there that I memorized and recited the testimonies of the three witnesses and again of the eight witnesses. It was there that I first passed the sacrament and gave numerous two and one half minute talks. No frills that are evident in a modern LDS meetinghouse were necessary to augment my faith. I grew up without seminary and without MIA, which certainly would have been welcome. My mission age came during that window of time when the Korean War prevented LDS boys from being sent on missions. But my faith was nurtured by some hard working farmers who cleaned up on Saturday nights and their families and by a few town people who met to worship in a building in which we had to sweep up cigarette butts before church. I was one of three LDS students in my high school graduating class in 1949.

Before I left home just after my seventeenth birthday, I received my patriarchal blessing. The main sentence in that blessing that has stuck with me all my life was the admonition to always “let my sermons of precept match the testimony of my lips.” Since then, I have always thought that the eloquence of verbal and written testimonies can be influential but, perhaps, our testimonies of deeds, of actions, must match those testimonies or they are meaningless. And sometimes I watched as wordless deeds and actions exemplifying works of faith and testimony spoke eloquent messages about the true meaning of testimony.

The next step in my testimony building (the next ring in my tree) came from four years of attending the LDS Institute of Religion at the University of Wyoming. There I found fellowship with many young people like myself who received not a farthing from home and were working nights and days and attending class in between to get through college. Out of that hard-scrabble group of Mormon kids came Ph.D.s, physicians, dentists, teachers, ranchers, professors, and numerous other professional careers. Thus the question: From whence did this passionate search for knowledge and advancement come, when so many came from homes with little education and sometimes even little encouragement to attend college? There were, of course, guardian angels along the way. Teachers who saw our potential and told us what we could and should become. Parents who never gave up on us even though they couldn’t help us financially. An LDS Institute director and a ward bishop who took us under their wings. Oh, yes, and then there was a little blonde Mormon girl with strong beliefs and a clear definition of what her life was to become. And, as a result, my life was never the same thereafter.

So we have a foundation to our testimonies, but then the testimony grows in numerous and, sometimes, unpredictable ways: a branch here, a sprout there, an insight and flash of light somewhere else. But these changes were always additions to, not detractions from, the original core of beliefs at the center of our religious universe.

A strong enough foundation existed so that I proceeded to embark on what seemingly would have been an impossible journey when viewed through a forward look at what might happen in my life. A master’s degree from Montana State, teaching large sections of college students at the age of twenty-one (soon to be twenty-two), admission to the doctoral program in economics at the University of Michigan at the age of twenty-four. I’ll never forget my experience of first setting foot on the Michigan campus, walking past the iconic carillon tower, and asking myself what a poor Mormon boy like me was doing in this great institution, with a wife and two children, one of whom was a two-week old baby, a tiny little assistantship and, as of that day, no place to live. Who said I could do this? Well, not directly, but indirectly, my grandfather, my dad, my mom, my wife, my boyhood bishop who wanted to be sure I paid my tithing, and my own inward sense that overpowered everything, that told me that what I was doing was right, and that I could do it.

From there, I was one of only half of our starting Ph.D. class to pass prelims and then complete my degree, passing German by 1/6 of a point—surely a gift from somewhere. My forty-five-year career in teaching and research led me to Penn State, back home to the University of Wyoming, to Colorado State University and, finally, to Brigham Young University. I had a brief three-year stint as director of research for the Wyoming Legislature, and a less-than-one-year appointment as fiscal economist in the Office of Tax Analysis at the U.S. Department of the Treasury. My career began as a hybrid economist/agricultural economist during the first part of my career, so the bulk of my early research was focused on natural resources, travel market analysis, transportation policy, inland waterways, outdoor recreation, and similar areas. My career then centered more on being a teacher rather than becoming a heavily-published scholar. My life was books, classes, and students, perhaps over 20,000 of them during my decades of teaching. I tried to teach by example more than words.

Out of all of these years, all of these decades of writing and giving lectures, teaching, reading, interacting with students and colleagues, I never found a reason to doubt the core of my beliefs. During my years out in the “mission field,” as we used to say in days of yore, the usual questions and occasional attempts to disparage occurred. But, for the most part, my minority status as a Mormon was never an issue. I have my doubts that I really could be classed as a scholar in the conventional sense of one who has written and published numerous books and monographs and has become a legend in his or her field. I’m not sure why my life centered largely on becoming a teacher, and focusing on heavy teaching schedules, often taking on extra class sections just because I liked to do it and thought the class needed to be taught. But I think I gravitated to what I did best, and my aim was to make a difference in students’ lives.

The rings in my tree stump cross section grew outward as I taught Gospel Doctrine classes for over twenty years and high priests classes for at least fifteen years. I served on a high council and a district council, and in a bishopric. I survived a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis in my forties, and remember that, the first Sunday that I went back to church after my diagnosis, we were singing the words “When dark clouds of trouble hang o’er us, and threaten our peace to destroy, there is hope shining brightly before us, and we know that deliverance is nigh.” Those words became my beacon, my light, as I was miraculously spared further attacks of that debilitating disease.

Which brings me to my current status in life. At seventy-eight, I find reassurance and confirmation in my boyhood beliefs all around me. I find this reassurance among old people who support and help each other through their ultimate and sometimes final trials. I find confirmation in the service of people like my sister who, a Relief Society president, works with more than twenty women over eighty years old who all need transportation and assistance, when she herself is far from being young and in ideal health. I see the blessings of my wife’s child-rearing skills as I see my children become bishops and Relief Society president and hold many other positions of church leadership. I think back to that first day at Michigan, wondering what a sugar beet farmer from Penrose, Wyoming, was doing at this famous institution and how I ever thought I had what it would take to complete a Ph.D. there. I watch people around me share the light of their lives as they give to others in remarkable and unselfish service both through the church and through the community. I thought of testimony and compassionate service the day my wife sent me up to the church with a casserole for a funeral dinner for someone not even in our congregation and whom no one knew, and watched as an army of women came from cars bearing food. I think of my three sons, who served in three of the most difficult missions in the world and may never have seen a baptism but whose exemplary lives to this day are testimonies of the worth of what they were called to do. I think of my grandchildren, who postpone college careers to go to the far corners of the country and of the world because they have an inward sense of direction that they are going where they are being led. Where did all of these manifestations and accomplishments and this ability to withstand trials come from? I think we all know the answers, though some of us are less articulate in expressing them than others. It all started with a boy who saw a light and two personages in a grove, and then, through divine intervention, gave us a book that would forever give us a testimony and a foundation of belief in God the Father, His Son Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost—a testimony that would never leave us.

————————————————

Dwight M. Blood (Ph.D., University of Michigan) is retired from teaching economics and management at Brigham Young University.

Posted November 2010

James W. Ogilvie

From my earliest recollections, our family had attended various denominational churches. Once baptized by sprinkling, my family was informed by another denomination that baptism by immersion was the only correct method and I was subsequently re-baptized. No mention was made concerning how an individual obtained the authority to perform baptism in the first place, an issue of considerable importance in the New Testament.

As I entered my teenage years I began to question the confusing and opposing doctrines of orthodox Christianity, such as the politically motivated historicity of the Trinitarian doctrine and the Council of Nicaea, the absence of New Testament practices in present day religions, and the general confusion manifested in modern rhetorical theology. I commented to my minister that if the present day churches were the footprints of God, I had no intellectually honest position other than agnosticism.

In high school I had become acquainted with several Latter-day Saints. I was impressed with their doctrinally based practices and the manner in which they conducted their lives. Their avoidance of alcohol and tobacco, the practice of sexual morality, honesty, compassionate service, observance of the Sabbath day, the importance of family relationships, and many other practices were consistent with my understanding of a practicing Christian. They were indeed letting their light shine. That “light,” I was to learn, had a more profound origin than simple practical observances.

It was as a freshman cadet at the United State Air Force Academy that I began to understand the doctrinal basis for the Latter-day Saint religion. Many things were intuitively true—e.g, the apostasy from the original teachings of Christ; the need to have a restoration of the doctrines and practices as taught by Christ rather than a stochastic reformation, be it Protestant or Jesuit; the concept of present day communication with God through the Holy Ghost; and the universality of allowing all those who have lived on earth to hear and accept the doctrines of Christ. When I asked my minister about these doctrines he was dismissive, insulting, and utterly unable to offer a rational alternative.

Following my baptism into the LDS Church I have grown in my appreciation of the profound richness of its doctrine. The Book of Mormon’s clarity on doctrinal issues such as the central role of the atonement of Christ, an understanding of baptism and clarification regarding infant baptism, the compassion shown by Jesus in teaching the doctrines of salvation to those on the American continents, and the need for a living prophet to receive modern day instructions concerning God’s will, among other issues, have been great sources of strength.

Having resigned from the Air Force Academy to pursue a medical career, I attended Yale Medical School. The admonitions in the Word of Wisdom are intuitively obvious. While I understood that a deeper knowledge of Christian doctrine could only be obtained through the mediation of the Holy Ghost, it was most rewarding to have a scientifically sound confirmation that revealed truth could also be scholarly.

My professional career has been a composite of patient care, medical education, and basic research in genetics and biomechanics. Occasionally my colleagues have been respectful but skeptical of the tenets of Christianity in general and the Latter-day Saints in particular. I have not found that skepticism to be sustainable. Christ’s measured distinction and respect for spiritual and scientific methodologies was clear. He respected a doubting Thomas’s need to empirically confirm the resurrection, but He also acknowledged that a durable understanding that Christ is our savior comes only through divine confirmation of the Holy Ghost.

To avoid the seemingly contradictory realms of science and faith, the late Harvard evolutionary biologist Stephen Jay Gould noted that these must be “non-overlapping magisteria.” To wit, science should not comment on faith and faith should not comment on science. This has been historically true, as exemplified by the burning at the stake of the heliocentric minded Giordano Bruno, the persecution of Galileo, and more recently the famous Scopes evolution trial. I have come to a personal appreciation of this distinction and it has been a personal guide.

There has been a profound influence of Christ’s teaching in my personal life. It has guided my relationship with my wife and children and humanity in general. The opportunity of making covenants with my family in the temple has given even greater meaning to the concept of eternal relationships. Through the temple those same blessings are also available to all of the human family, not just those who have been privileged to live in the past several millennia.

The clarity of Christian doctrine that is present with the restoration of the gospel in the latter days, beginning with the prophet Joseph Smith, continues to inspire and uplift my life. It is both elegant and simple and I know of its truth through the witness of the Spirit. There is a personal God, we are His offspring, and Jesus Christ is our savior. My personal journey of faith has just begun.

————————————————–

James W. Ogilvie is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at the University of Minnesota School of Medicine. Dr. Ogilvie earned his medical degree at Yale Medical School in New Haven, Connecticut, and completed a surgical internship at the University of California, San Francisco. His residency education in orthopaedic surgery was performed at the University of Utah. Dr. Ogilvie advanced his skills and experience through a Spine Fellowship at Rush Presbyterian / St. Luke’s Medical Center in Chicago.

He is an active member of such organizations as the Academic Orthopaedic Society, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, the Scoliosis Research Society (of which he is a past president), and the Society of Military Orthopaedic Surgeons. Dr. Ogilvie also served as a Commander in the United States Naval Reserve. As a researcher and a prolific author, Dr. Ogilvie has held editorship roles with scientific periodicals including the Spine Journal, Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Journal of Military Medicine, and Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.

Posted October 2010

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