FAIR is a non-profit organization dedicated to providing well-documented answers to criticisms of the doctrine, practice, and history of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
Difference between revisions of "Detailed response to CES Letter, Polygamy and Polyandry"
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{{information|This is correct. | {{information|This is correct. | ||
+ | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | ||
+ | |L1=Improvement Era (1946): "That Joseph Smith actually was the person who introduced plural marriage into the Church and that he practised it himself are amply proved by existing facts" | ||
}} | }} | ||
− | {{ | + | {{:Improvement Era (1946): "That Joseph Smith actually was the person who introduced plural marriage into the Church and that he practised it himself are amply proved by existing facts"}} |
{{:Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Plural wives}} | {{:Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Plural wives}} | ||
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|claim=Of those 34 women, 11 of them were married women of other living men. | |claim=Of those 34 women, 11 of them were married women of other living men. | ||
}} | }} | ||
− | {{information|Joseph was sealed to the wives of some living men. None of these appears to have been "for time," and none appear to have involved sexual relations, with the possible exception of one woman who had separated from her husband. In all other cases, the women continued to live with their earthly husbands after the sealing. | + | {{information|Joseph Smith was sealed to the wives of some living men. None of these appears to have been "for time," and none appear to have involved sexual relations, with the possible exception of one woman who had separated from her husband. In all other cases, the women continued to live with their earthly husbands after the sealing. |
+ | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | ||
+ | |L1=Question: Was Joseph Smith married or sealed to women who were already married to other living men? | ||
+ | |L2=Gospel Topics on LDS.org: "Joseph Smith was sealed to a number of women who were already married. Neither these women nor Joseph explained much about these sealings, though several women said they were for eternity alone" | ||
+ | |L3=The Joseph Smith Papers: "Several later documents suggest that several women who were already married to other men were, like Marinda Hyde, married or sealed to Joseph Smith" | ||
+ | |L4=Question: What is "Polyandry?" | ||
+ | |L5=Question: What was the nature of Joseph Smith's "polyandrous" marriages? | ||
+ | |L6=Question: Did Joseph Smith consummate any of these marriages with married women? | ||
+ | |L7=Question: Did Joseph Smith have any children through any of his polyandrous marriages? | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{:Question: Was Joseph Smith married or sealed to women who were already married to other living men?}} | {{:Question: Was Joseph Smith married or sealed to women who were already married to other living men?}} | ||
− | {{ | + | {{:Gospel Topics on LDS.org: "Joseph Smith was sealed to a number of women who were already married. Neither these women nor Joseph explained much about these sealings, though several women said they were for eternity alone"}} |
− | {{ | + | {{:The Joseph Smith Papers: "Several later documents suggest that several women who were already married to other men were, like Marinda Hyde, married or sealed to Joseph Smith"}} |
{{:Question: What is "Polyandry?"}} | {{:Question: What is "Polyandry?"}} | ||
{{:Question: What was the nature of Joseph Smith's "polyandrous" marriages?}} | {{:Question: What was the nature of Joseph Smith's "polyandrous" marriages?}} | ||
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|spin=It isn't as simple as the critics wish to portray it. | |spin=It isn't as simple as the critics wish to portray it. | ||
|facts=There are multiple sealing dates - one after Orson had been away for at least one year, and the other after Orson had already returned and asked Joseph to seal him to a plural wife of his own. When Hyde returned, he not only resumed living with his wife Marinda, but they had children together. | |facts=There are multiple sealing dates - one after Orson had been away for at least one year, and the other after Orson had already returned and asked Joseph to seal him to a plural wife of his own. When Hyde returned, he not only resumed living with his wife Marinda, but they had children together. | ||
+ | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | ||
+ | |L1=Question: What did Orson Hyde, the husband of Marinda Nancy Johnson, know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity? | ||
+ | |L2=Question: Did Joseph Smith send men on missions so that he could secretly marry their wives while they were gone? | ||
+ | |L3=Question: Was Apostle Orson Hyde sent on a mission to dedicate Israel so that Joseph Smith could secretly marry his wife, Marinda Hyde, while he was away? | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{false cause|Joseph did not send Orson away on a mission so that he could secretly marry his wife.}} | {{false cause|Joseph did not send Orson away on a mission so that he could secretly marry his wife.}} | ||
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|mistake=All available evidence indicates that Joseph was sealed to Helen for eternity, and that it was at her father's request. If the union was also intended to be "for time" as well as eternity, the available evidence indicates that such marriages were not consummated until the wife had reached a certain age. | |mistake=All available evidence indicates that Joseph was sealed to Helen for eternity, and that it was at her father's request. If the union was also intended to be "for time" as well as eternity, the available evidence indicates that such marriages were not consummated until the wife had reached a certain age. | ||
|facts=Helen continued to live with her parents. There is no evidence of sexual relations. On the contrary, the fact that Helen was not called upon to testify in the Temple Lot case, despite the fact that she was available for such testimony, is evidence ''against'' her ever having had sexual relations with Joseph. The Church only called upon those women to testify who could attest to the nature of Joseph's plural marriages. Helen went on to become a big supporter of plural marriage in her adult years. | |facts=Helen continued to live with her parents. There is no evidence of sexual relations. On the contrary, the fact that Helen was not called upon to testify in the Temple Lot case, despite the fact that she was available for such testimony, is evidence ''against'' her ever having had sexual relations with Joseph. The Church only called upon those women to testify who could attest to the nature of Joseph's plural marriages. Helen went on to become a big supporter of plural marriage in her adult years. | ||
+ | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | ||
+ | |L1=Question: What were the circumstances surrounding the sealing of Helen Mar Kimball to Joseph Smith?}} | ||
+ | |L2=Question: Was Helen Mar Kimball's marriage to Joseph Smith ever consummated? | ||
+ | |L3=Question: Did Helen Mar Kimball "confess" to having marital relations with Joseph? | ||
+ | |L4=Question: What were Helen Mar Kimball's views on plural marriage? | ||
+ | |L5=Helen Mar Kimball: "I have encouraged and sustained my husband in the celestial order of marriage because I knew it was right" | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{:Question: What were the circumstances surrounding the sealing of Helen Mar Kimball to Joseph Smith?}} | {{:Question: What were the circumstances surrounding the sealing of Helen Mar Kimball to Joseph Smith?}} | ||
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{{:Question: Did Helen Mar Kimball "confess" to having marital relations with Joseph?}} | {{:Question: Did Helen Mar Kimball "confess" to having marital relations with Joseph?}} | ||
{{:Question: What were Helen Mar Kimball's views on plural marriage?}} | {{:Question: What were Helen Mar Kimball's views on plural marriage?}} | ||
− | {{ | + | {{:Helen Mar Kimball: "I have encouraged and sustained my husband in the celestial order of marriage because I knew it was right"}} |
==Response to claim: "Even by 19th century standards, this is pedophilia"== | ==Response to claim: "Even by 19th century standards, this is pedophilia"== | ||
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|falsehood=No, actually it isn't pedophilia. | |falsehood=No, actually it isn't pedophilia. | ||
|facts=Joseph being sealed to Helen does not meet the definition of "pedophilia." The term "pedophilia" is defined by the Encyclopedia Britannica as "psychosexual disorder in which an adult has sexual fantasies about or engages in sexual acts with a prepubescent child of the same or the opposite sex". Pedophilia requires that the adult involved have sexual acts with a prepubescent child. | |facts=Joseph being sealed to Helen does not meet the definition of "pedophilia." The term "pedophilia" is defined by the Encyclopedia Britannica as "psychosexual disorder in which an adult has sexual fantasies about or engages in sexual acts with a prepubescent child of the same or the opposite sex". Pedophilia requires that the adult involved have sexual acts with a prepubescent child. | ||
+ | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | ||
+ | |L1=Question: Was Joseph Smith's marriage to 14-year-old Helen Mar Kimball indicative of "pedophilia"? | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{appeal to emotion|While the term "pedophilia" is a favorite of some critics for its emotional punch, any supposed sexual interaction between Joseph and Helen appears only in the minds of critics, without supporting evidence. | {{appeal to emotion|While the term "pedophilia" is a favorite of some critics for its emotional punch, any supposed sexual interaction between Joseph and Helen appears only in the minds of critics, without supporting evidence. | ||
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|spin=The idea that this was recently revealed is the critics' "spin," given that this information was provided by the Church back in 1882. | |spin=The idea that this was recently revealed is the critics' "spin," given that this information was provided by the Church back in 1882. | ||
|facts=The Church "admitted" this in 1882, over 130 years ago! Helen Mar Kimball Whitney wrote all about it in “Scenes in Nauvoo,” ''Woman’s Exponent'' 11, no. 5 (August 1, 1882) | |facts=The Church "admitted" this in 1882, over 130 years ago! Helen Mar Kimball Whitney wrote all about it in “Scenes in Nauvoo,” ''Woman’s Exponent'' 11, no. 5 (August 1, 1882) | ||
+ | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|spin=For the shock value, the author has invoked a biblical prohibition under the Mosaic law and applied it to 19th century plural marriage. | |spin=For the shock value, the author has invoked a biblical prohibition under the Mosaic law and applied it to 19th century plural marriage. | ||
|facts=Joseph Smith was not observing the biblical Mosaic Law, which was fulfilled and done away with at the time of Jesus Christ. | |facts=Joseph Smith was not observing the biblical Mosaic Law, which was fulfilled and done away with at the time of Jesus Christ. | ||
+ | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | ||
+ | |L1=Question: Does the Bible prohibit polygamous marriages involving a mother and daughter? | ||
+ | |L2=Question: Did Joseph Smith being sealed to mothers, daughters and sisters violate a biblical prohibition? | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{:Question: Does the Bible prohibit polygamous marriages involving a mother and daughter?}} | {{:Question: Does the Bible prohibit polygamous marriages involving a mother and daughter?}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
{{information|The principle of plural marriage was portrayed as a means of attaining eternal life. | {{information|The principle of plural marriage was portrayed as a means of attaining eternal life. | ||
+ | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | ||
+ | |L1=Question: Were plural wives forced into the marriage? | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{:Question: Were plural wives forced into the marriage?}} | {{:Question: Were plural wives forced into the marriage?}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
{{propaganda|The references to loss of salvation have been hyped up. | {{propaganda|The references to loss of salvation have been hyped up. | ||
+ | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | ||
+ | |L1=Question: Did Joseph Smith give a woman only one day to decide about entering a plural marriage, and would refusal mean terrible consequences? | ||
+ | |L2=Question: Did any woman suffer consequences for turning down Joseph's proposal? | ||
+ | |L3=Question: Were women put under "tremendous pressure" to accept a proposal of plural marriage? | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{:Question: Did Joseph Smith give a woman only one day to decide about entering a plural marriage, and would refusal mean terrible consequences?}} | {{:Question: Did Joseph Smith give a woman only one day to decide about entering a plural marriage, and would refusal mean terrible consequences?}} | ||
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|mistake=There is no mention of a "flaming" sword. The author corrected this error, but still makes the mistake of stating that Joseph would be slain by the sword "if the girls didn't marry him." | |mistake=There is no mention of a "flaming" sword. The author corrected this error, but still makes the mistake of stating that Joseph would be slain by the sword "if the girls didn't marry him." | ||
|facts=The "drawn sword" references refer to Joseph's postponement the implementation of the ''practice'' of plural marriage, not "if the girls didn't marry him." Some of these women, in fact, refused. | |facts=The "drawn sword" references refer to Joseph's postponement the implementation of the ''practice'' of plural marriage, not "if the girls didn't marry him." Some of these women, in fact, refused. | ||
+ | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | ||
+ | |L1=Question: Did Joseph claim that an angel threatened him with a "drawn sword" or "flaming sword" if a woman refused to marry him? | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{:Question: Did Joseph claim that an angel threatened him with a "drawn sword" or "flaming sword" if a woman refused to marry him?}} | {{:Question: Did Joseph claim that an angel threatened him with a "drawn sword" or "flaming sword" if a woman refused to marry him?}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
{{propaganda| | {{propaganda| | ||
− | + | The author wishes to imply that President Hinckley was lying when he said that polygamy was "not doctrinal." Polygamy is not doctrinal in the 21st century. We do not practice polygamy in the 21st century - it used to be doctrinal, and is no longer doctrinal. | |
− | + | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | |
+ | |L1=Question: Did Gordon B. Hinckley claim that polygamy was "not doctrinal" on Larry King Live? | ||
+ | |L2=Question: How can President Hinckley claim that polygamy is "not doctrinal" if it was a required practice in the 19th-Century Church? | ||
+ | |L3=Gospel Topics: "Today, any person who practices plural marriage cannot become or remain a member of the Church" | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{:Question: Did Gordon B. Hinckley claim that polygamy was "not doctrinal" on Larry King Live?}} | {{:Question: Did Gordon B. Hinckley claim that polygamy was "not doctrinal" on Larry King Live?}} | ||
{{:Question: How can President Hinckley claim that polygamy is "not doctrinal" if it was a required practice in the 19th-Century Church?}} | {{:Question: How can President Hinckley claim that polygamy is "not doctrinal" if it was a required practice in the 19th-Century Church?}} | ||
− | {{ | + | {{:Gospel Topics: "Today, any person who practices plural marriage cannot become or remain a member of the Church"}} |
==Response to claim: "D&C 132 is unequivocal on the point that polygamy is permitted only 'to multiply and replenish the earth' and 'bear the souls of men'"== | ==Response to claim: "D&C 132 is unequivocal on the point that polygamy is permitted only 'to multiply and replenish the earth' and 'bear the souls of men'"== | ||
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|title=Letter to a CES Director (April 2013 revision) | |title=Letter to a CES Director (April 2013 revision) | ||
|claim=D&C 132 is unequivocal on the point that polygamy is permitted only 'to multiply and replenish the earth' and 'bear the souls of men'. .... D&C 132:63 very clearly states that the only purpose of polygamy is to 'multiply and replenish the earth' and 'bear the souls of men'. Why did Joseph marry women who were already married? These women were obviously not virgins, which violated D&C 132. Zina Huntington had been married seven and a half months and was six months pregnant with her first husband’s baby at the time she married Joseph; clearly she didn’t need any more help to 'bear the souls of men'. | |claim=D&C 132 is unequivocal on the point that polygamy is permitted only 'to multiply and replenish the earth' and 'bear the souls of men'. .... D&C 132:63 very clearly states that the only purpose of polygamy is to 'multiply and replenish the earth' and 'bear the souls of men'. Why did Joseph marry women who were already married? These women were obviously not virgins, which violated D&C 132. Zina Huntington had been married seven and a half months and was six months pregnant with her first husband’s baby at the time she married Joseph; clearly she didn’t need any more help to 'bear the souls of men'. | ||
− | |||
− | |||
}} | }} | ||
{{misinformation| | {{misinformation| | ||
|mistake=Polygamy was not permitted ''only'' for the purpose of procreation. | |mistake=Polygamy was not permitted ''only'' for the purpose of procreation. | ||
|facts=Joseph established the practice of plural marriage as part of the "restoration of all things." The lack of children from Joseph's polygamous marriages demonstrates that. | |facts=Joseph established the practice of plural marriage as part of the "restoration of all things." The lack of children from Joseph's polygamous marriages demonstrates that. | ||
+ | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | ||
+ | |L1=Question: Was the only purpose of polygamy to "multiply and replenish the earth" and "bear the souls of men"? | ||
+ | |L2=Question: If the only purpose of polygamy was to "raise up seed," then why did Joseph not have children by his plural wives? | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{composition-division|The author takes a statement dealing with the purpose of the practice of polygamy and assumes that it is the ''only'' reason for the practice. | {{composition-division|The author takes a statement dealing with the purpose of the practice of polygamy and assumes that it is the ''only'' reason for the practice. | ||
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|mistake=The author conflates being sealed for eternity with being married for time. | |mistake=The author conflates being sealed for eternity with being married for time. | ||
|facts=Joseph's "polyandrous" wives continued to live with their current husbands because they were married to them until they died. In the early days of the Church, it was possible to be sealed for eternity to a different person than the one you were married to for time. | |facts=Joseph's "polyandrous" wives continued to live with their current husbands because they were married to them until they died. In the early days of the Church, it was possible to be sealed for eternity to a different person than the one you were married to for time. | ||
+ | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | ||
+ | |L1=Question: Since Joseph Smith "married" the wives of 11 other men, why were those women not "destroyed" as specified in the Doctrine and Covenants since they continued to live with their "previous" husbands? | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{:Question: Since Joseph Smith "married" the wives of 11 other men, why were those women not "destroyed" as specified in the Doctrine and Covenants since they continued to live with their "previous" husbands?}} | {{:Question: Since Joseph Smith "married" the wives of 11 other men, why were those women not "destroyed" as specified in the Doctrine and Covenants since they continued to live with their "previous" husbands?}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
{{information|This is correct. Joseph was responding to accusations of adultery. | {{information|This is correct. Joseph was responding to accusations of adultery. | ||
+ | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | ||
+ | |L1=Question: Why did Joseph Smith say "I had not been married scarcely five minutes...before it was reported that I had seven wives"? | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{:Question: Why did Joseph Smith say "I had not been married scarcely five minutes...before it was reported that I had seven wives"?}} | {{:Question: Why did Joseph Smith say "I had not been married scarcely five minutes...before it was reported that I had seven wives"?}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
{{misinformation| | {{misinformation| | ||
− | + | Due to a lack of documentation, it is not known whether or not Emma was unaware of "most" of Joseph's plural marriages. We know of a few that she was aware of, and a some that she was not aware of. | |
− | + | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | |
+ | |L1=Question: Did Joseph hide his plural marriages from Emma, his first wife? | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{argument from silence|There is little recorded information to indicate what Emma knew. The critics simply choose to assume that she didn't know about "most" of these marriages. | {{argument from silence|There is little recorded information to indicate what Emma knew. The critics simply choose to assume that she didn't know about "most" of these marriages. | ||
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}} | }} | ||
{{misinformation| | {{misinformation| | ||
− | + | Again, we do not know what Emma's knowledge was regarding "most" of Joseph's plural marriages. If she did not consent to them, then D&C 132, which the author cites, states that Joseph could proceed without her consent. | |
− | + | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | |
+ | |L1=Question: Was Emma aware of the possibility that Joseph could take additional wives even without her consent? | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{argument from silence|There is no record to support the assertion that Emma did not consent to "most" of these marriages. The author simply assumes that because Emma is known to have not consented to some of them, that she did not consent to most of them. | {{argument from silence|There is no record to support the assertion that Emma did not consent to "most" of these marriages. The author simply assumes that because Emma is known to have not consented to some of them, that she did not consent to most of them. | ||
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|claim=The Church’s new October 2014 Plural Marriage in Kirtland and Nauvoo essay acknowledges that Joseph Smith was a polygamist | |claim=The Church’s new October 2014 Plural Marriage in Kirtland and Nauvoo essay acknowledges that Joseph Smith was a polygamist | ||
}} | }} | ||
− | {{propaganda| | + | {{propaganda|This has never been a secret. More correctly stated: The Church's November 1946 issue of the ''Improvement Era'' acknowledges that Joseph Smith was a polygamist...almost 70 years ago. |
− | + | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | |
− | + | |L1=Improvement Era (1946): "Did Joseph Smith Introduce Plural Marriage?...It is also possible, though the Church does not now permit it, to seal two living people for eternity only, with no association on earth" | |
}} | }} | ||
− | {{ | + | {{:Improvement Era (1946): "Did Joseph Smith Introduce Plural Marriage?...It is also possible, though the Church does not now permit it, to seal two living people for eternity only, with no association on earth"}} |
==Response to claim: "The following 1835 edition of Doctrine & Covenants revelations bans polygamy"== | ==Response to claim: "The following 1835 edition of Doctrine & Covenants revelations bans polygamy"== | ||
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}} | }} | ||
{{information|This was added by Oliver Cowdery after he learned that plural marriage had been restored. After the Saints moved to Utah and the practice of plural marriage was made public, this section was removed and replaced by Section 132. | {{information|This was added by Oliver Cowdery after he learned that plural marriage had been restored. After the Saints moved to Utah and the practice of plural marriage was made public, this section was removed and replaced by Section 132. | ||
+ | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | ||
+ | |L1=Question: Why did the 1835 Doctrine and Covenants include a statement of marriage that denied the practice of polygamy at a time when some were actually practicing it? | ||
+ | |L2=Question: Was Oliver Cowdery aware that some in the Church were practicing polygamy in 1835 at the time he authored the "Article on Marriage"? | ||
+ | |L3=Question: Was the practice of polygamy general knowledge among Latter-day Saints in 1835 when the "Article on Marriage" was published? | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{:Question: Why did the 1835 Doctrine and Covenants include a statement of marriage that denied the practice of polygamy at a time when some were actually practicing it?}} | {{:Question: Why did the 1835 Doctrine and Covenants include a statement of marriage that denied the practice of polygamy at a time when some were actually practicing it?}} | ||
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|claim=Joseph’s polygamy also included...Unions without the knowledge or consent of the husband, in cases of polyandry. | |claim=Joseph’s polygamy also included...Unions without the knowledge or consent of the husband, in cases of polyandry. | ||
}} | }} | ||
− | {{misinformation| | + | {{misinformation|Each case was different, and the author simply makes a global assumption that none of the "earthly" husbands were aware of this. This provides greater "shock value." The actual data, however, demonstrates that many of the husbands were not only aware of this, but they approved of it, in some cases because they were not members of the Church and didn't believe in marriage after this life anyway. |
− | + | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | |
− | + | |L1=Question: Was Joseph Smith sealed or married to other men's wives without the knowledge or consent of their husband? | |
+ | |L2=Question: What did the husband of Ruth Vose Sayers know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity? | ||
+ | |L3=Question: What did the husband of Esther Dutcher know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity? | ||
+ | |L4=Question: What did the husband of Mary Elizabeth Rollins know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity? | ||
+ | |L5=Question: What did the husband of Presendia L. Huntington know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity? | ||
+ | |L6=Question: What did the husband of Sarah Kingsley know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity? | ||
+ | |L7=Question: What did the husband of Patty Bartlett know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity? | ||
+ | |L8=Question: What did the husband of Elizabeth Davis know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity? | ||
+ | |L9=Question: What did the husband of Lucinda Pendleton know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity? | ||
+ | |L10=Question: What did the husband of Elvira Annie Cowles know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity? | ||
+ | |L11=Question: What did the husband of Marinda Nancy Johnson know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity? | ||
+ | |L12=Question: What did the husband of Zina D. Huntington know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity? | ||
+ | |L13=Question: What did the husband of Sylvia Sessions know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity? | ||
+ | |L14=Question: What did the husband of Sarah Ann Whitney know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity? | ||
+ | |L15=Question: What did the husband of Mary Heron know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity? | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{:Question: Was Joseph Smith sealed or married to other men's wives without the knowledge or consent of their husband?}} | {{:Question: Was Joseph Smith sealed or married to other men's wives without the knowledge or consent of their husband?}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
{{information|Oliver did not approve of the restoration of plural marriage, and accused Joseph of adultery - one of the charges that was brought up when he was eventually excommunicated from the Church. | {{information|Oliver did not approve of the restoration of plural marriage, and accused Joseph of adultery - one of the charges that was brought up when he was eventually excommunicated from the Church. | ||
+ | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | ||
+ | |L1=Question: Did Joseph Smith marry Fanny Alger as his first plural wife in 1833? | ||
+ | |L2=Question: Did some of Joseph Smith's associates believe that Joseph Smith had an affair with Fanny Alger? | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{:Question: Did Joseph Smith marry Fanny Alger as his first plural wife in 1833?}} | {{:Question: Did Joseph Smith marry Fanny Alger as his first plural wife in 1833?}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
{{information|Joseph and Fanny's marriage was a plural marriage, not an eternal marriage. | {{information|Joseph and Fanny's marriage was a plural marriage, not an eternal marriage. | ||
+ | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | ||
+ | |L1=Question: How could Joseph and Fanny have been married in 1831 if the sealing power had not yet been restored? | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{false cause|The author assumes that the sealing power was required prior to the initiation of plural marriage.}} | {{false cause|The author assumes that the sealing power was required prior to the initiation of plural marriage.}} | ||
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|claim=[Joseph Smith married] a newlywed and pregnant woman (Zina Huntingon)....Zina Huntington had been married seven and a half months and was six months pregnant with her first husband’s baby at the time she married Joseph; clearly she didn’t need any more help to “bear the souls of men”. | |claim=[Joseph Smith married] a newlywed and pregnant woman (Zina Huntingon)....Zina Huntington had been married seven and a half months and was six months pregnant with her first husband’s baby at the time she married Joseph; clearly she didn’t need any more help to “bear the souls of men”. | ||
}} | }} | ||
− | {{propaganda| | + | {{propaganda|Joseph was sealed to Zina for eternity, and she continued to live with her earthly husband Henry even after she was sealed to Joseph. The purpose of this sealing for eternity was not to "bear the souls of men." |
− | + | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | |
− | + | |L1=Question: Why would Joseph be sealed to the wife of someone who was not only married to someone else, but pregnant with her husband's child? | |
+ | |L2=Question: Did Joseph Smith and Brigham Young steal Henry Jacobs' family? | ||
+ | |L3=Question: What did the husband of Zina D. Huntington know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity? | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{:Question: Why would Joseph be sealed to the wife of someone who was not only married to someone else, but pregnant with her husband's child?}} | {{:Question: Why would Joseph be sealed to the wife of someone who was not only married to someone else, but pregnant with her husband's child?}} | ||
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Zina "married Joseph after being told Joseph’s life was in danger from an angel with a <span style="color:blue">drawn</span> sword" (October 2014) | Zina "married Joseph after being told Joseph’s life was in danger from an angel with a <span style="color:blue">drawn</span> sword" (October 2014) | ||
}} | }} | ||
− | {{misinformation| | + | {{misinformation|The "angel with a sword" reference refers to Joseph's postponement of the practice of polygamy, not his marriage to a specific individual. Zina Diantha Huntington Jacobs said that Joseph mentioned an angel with a drawn sword. The account of a "flaming" sword came from Eliza Snow and Orson F. Whitney. |
− | + | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | |
− | + | |L1=Question: Did Joseph claim that an angel threatened him with a "drawn sword" or "flaming sword" if a woman refused to marry him? | |
}} | }} | ||
{{:Question: Did Joseph claim that an angel threatened him with a "drawn sword" or "flaming sword" if a woman refused to marry him?}} | {{:Question: Did Joseph claim that an angel threatened him with a "drawn sword" or "flaming sword" if a woman refused to marry him?}} | ||
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|claim=there is no such thing as an insane polygamist god who demanded such sadistic, immoral, adulterous, despicable, and pedophilic behavior | |claim=there is no such thing as an insane polygamist god who demanded such sadistic, immoral, adulterous, despicable, and pedophilic behavior | ||
}} | }} | ||
− | {{propaganda| | + | {{propaganda|The Merriam-Webster definition of "sadism" is "enjoyment that someone gets from being violent or cruel or from causing pain." The definition of "insane" is "mentally disordered." The author suggests that Latter-day Saints believe in a "mentally disordered" god who derives enjoyment from causing people pain and demanding the sexual abuse of prepubescent children. This is pure propaganda on the part of the author. Latter-day Saints do not believe in such a god. |
− | |||
− | |||
}} | }} | ||
{{appeal to emotion}} | {{appeal to emotion}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
{{propaganda|The secrecy of the practice wasn't because Joseph didn't ''try'' to teach the doctrine. It was because of the danger from others. | {{propaganda|The secrecy of the practice wasn't because Joseph didn't ''try'' to teach the doctrine. It was because of the danger from others. | ||
+ | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | ||
+ | |L1=Question: Did Joseph Smith ever publicly attempt to teach the doctrine of plural marriage? | ||
+ | |L2=Question: Why did Joseph keep the doctrine of plural marriage private? | ||
+ | |L3=Question: Why did Joseph Smith say "I had not been married scarcely five minutes...before it was reported that I had seven wives"? | ||
+ | |L4=Question: Was Joseph Smith ever charged with adultery under Illinois law? | ||
+ | |L5=Question: Were there any similar cases under Illinois adultery statute which demonstrate that Joseph was not breaking the law? | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{:Question: Did Joseph Smith ever publicly attempt to teach the doctrine of plural marriage?}} | {{:Question: Did Joseph Smith ever publicly attempt to teach the doctrine of plural marriage?}} | ||
Line 405: | Line 478: | ||
|claim=Joseph’s desire to keep this part of his life a secret is what ultimately contributed to his death when he ordered the destruction of the printing press (Nauvoo Expositor) that dared expose his behavior in June 1844 | |claim=Joseph’s desire to keep this part of his life a secret is what ultimately contributed to his death when he ordered the destruction of the printing press (Nauvoo Expositor) that dared expose his behavior in June 1844 | ||
}} | }} | ||
− | {{misinformation| | + | {{misinformation|Joseph was not keeping that part of his life secret - there were a number of his associates who were not only aware of the practice of plural marriage, but practiced it themselves. In the case of the Expositor, it talked of plural marriage in the most inflammatory terms, and Joseph recognized that it would cause major problems for Nauvoo. |
− | + | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | |
− | + | |L1=Question: Why did the Nauvoo City Council feel it was necessary to destroy the ''Nauvoo Expositor''? | |
+ | |L2=Question: How was the decision reached to destroy the ''Nauvoo Expositor''? | ||
+ | |L3=Question: Did Joseph Smith or his associates attempt to reconcile with William Law before he published the ''Nauvoo Expositor''? | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{:Question: Why did the Nauvoo City Council feel it was necessary to destroy the ''Nauvoo Expositor''?}} | {{:Question: Why did the Nauvoo City Council feel it was necessary to destroy the ''Nauvoo Expositor''?}} | ||
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}} | }} | ||
{{information|This section responds to a graphic illustrating Joseph Smith's "polyandrous" marriages. | {{information|This section responds to a graphic illustrating Joseph Smith's "polyandrous" marriages. | ||
+ | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | ||
+ | |L1=Question: What did the husband of Lucinda Pendleton know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity? | ||
+ | |L2=Question: What did the husband of Zina D. Huntington know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity? | ||
+ | |L3=Question: What did the husband of Presendia L. Huntington know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity? | ||
+ | |L4=Question: What did the husband of Patty Bartlett know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity? | ||
+ | |L5=Question: What did the husband of Sylvia Sessions know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity? | ||
+ | |L6=Question: What did the husband of Mary Elizabeth Rollins know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity? | ||
+ | |L7=Question: What did the husband of Sarah Kingsley know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity? | ||
+ | |L8=Question: What did the husband of Ruth Vose Sayers know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity? | ||
+ | |L9=Question: What did the husband of Elvira Annie Cowles know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity? | ||
+ | |L10=Question: What did the husband of Marinda Nancy Johnson know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity? | ||
+ | |L11=Question: What did the husband of Elizabeth Davis know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity? | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{:Response: Mormoninfographic:Lucinda Pendleton}} | {{:Response: Mormoninfographic:Lucinda Pendleton}} | ||
Line 450: | Line 537: | ||
{{propaganda| | {{propaganda| | ||
|spin=This claim is absurd, for obvious reasons. The author was correct to delete it in later revisions of his letter. | |spin=This claim is absurd, for obvious reasons. The author was correct to delete it in later revisions of his letter. | ||
+ | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | ||
+ | |L1=Question: If polygamy was commanded of God in order to "raise seed," then why were Adam and Noah not commanded to practice polygamy? | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{:Question: If polygamy was commanded of God in order to "raise seed," then why were Adam and Noah not commanded to practice polygamy?}} | {{:Question: If polygamy was commanded of God in order to "raise seed," then why were Adam and Noah not commanded to practice polygamy?}} | ||
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</blockquote> | </blockquote> | ||
}} | }} | ||
− | {{disinformation| | + | {{disinformation|Snow's testimony in the summary transcript that was created by the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was designed to make it appear that polygamy was adultery. This was the position of the Reorganized Church. The original transcript, from which the summary was derived, makes no such claim. |
− | + | |L=Criticism of Mormonism/Online documents/Letter to a CES Director/Polygamy & Polyandry Concerns & Questions | |
− | + | |L1=Question: What is Lorenzo Snow claimed to have said about plural marriages being adultery prior to 1843? | |
+ | |L2=Question: Did Lorenzo Snow state that polygamy was actually adultery prior to 1843? | ||
+ | |L3=Question: Are the original Temple Lot Case transcripts available online? | ||
+ | |L4=Question: I've seen Temple Lot court transcripts online. Are these not accurate? | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{:Question: What is Lorenzo Snow claimed to have said about plural marriages being adultery prior to 1843?}} | {{:Question: What is Lorenzo Snow claimed to have said about plural marriages being adultery prior to 1843?}} | ||
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{{endnotes sources}} | {{endnotes sources}} | ||
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Revision as of 16:08, 18 October 2017
- REDIRECTTemplate:Test3
Response to section "Letter to a CES Director: Polygamy/Polyandry Concerns & Questions"
[[../Book of Abraham Concerns & Questions|Book of Abraham Concerns & Questions]] | A FAIR Analysis of: [[../|Letter to a CES Director]], a work by author: Jeremy Runnells
|
[[../Prophets Concerns & Questions|Prophets Concerns & Questions]] |
Response to section "Polygamy/Polyandry Concerns & Questions"
Summary: Regarding Joseph's practice of polygamy, the author states that "Joseph Smith’s pattern of behavior or modus operandi for a period of at least 10 years of his adult life was to keep secrets, be deceptive, and be dishonest – both privately and publicly."
Jump to details:
- Response to claim: "Joseph Smith was married to at least 34 women" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, April 2013)
- Response to claim: "Of those 34 women, 11 of them were married women of other living men" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, April 2013)
- Response to claim: "Among them being Apostle Orson Hyde who was sent on his mission to dedicate Israel when Joseph secretly married his wife, Marinda Hyde" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, April 2013)
- Response to claim: "Joseph was 37-years-old when he married 14-year-old Helen Mar Kimball" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, April 2013)
- Response to claim: "Even by 19th century standards, this is pedophilia" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, April 2013)
- Response to claim: "The Church now admits that Joseph Smith married 14-year-old Helen Mar Kimball in its October 2014 Plural Marriage in Kirtland and Nauvoo essay" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, April 2013)
- Response to claim: "Among the women was a mother-daughter set and three sister sets" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, April 2013)
- Response to claim: "Some of the marriages to these women included promises by Joseph of eternal life to the girls and their families" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, April 2013)
- Response to claim: "Some of the marriages to these women included....threats of loss of salvation" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, April 2013)
- Response to claim: "threats that he (Joseph) was going to be slain by an angel with a flaming sword if the girls didn’t marry him" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, April 2013)
- Response to claim: "President Hinckley publicly stating that polygamy is not doctrinal" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, April 2013)
- Response to claim: "D&C 132 is unequivocal on the point that polygamy is permitted only 'to multiply and replenish the earth' and 'bear the souls of men'" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, April 2013)
- Response to claim: "These married women continued to live as husband and wife with their prior husband after marrying Joseph" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, April 2013)
- Response to claim: "What a thing it is for a man to be accused of committing adultery, and having seven wives, when I can only find one" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, April 2013)
- Response to claim: "Emma was unaware of most of Joseph’s plural marriages, at least until after the fact" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, October 2014)
- Response to claim: "She certainly did not consent to most of them as required by D&C 132" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, October 2014)
- Response to claim: "The Church’s new October 2014 Plural Marriage in Kirtland and Nauvoo essay acknowledges that Joseph Smith was a polygamist" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, October 2014)
- Response to claim: "The following 1835 edition of Doctrine & Covenants revelations bans polygamy" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, April 2013)
- Response to claim: "Unions without the knowledge or consent of the husband, in cases of polyandry" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, April 2013)
- Response to claim: "Joseph’s marriage to Fanny Alger was described by Oliver Cowdery as a 'dirty, nasty, filthy affair'" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, April 2013)
- Response to claim: "Joseph was practicing polygamy before the sealing authority was given" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, April 2013)
- Response to claim: "A union with a newlywed and pregnant woman (Zina Huntingon)" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, April 2013)
- Response to claim: Zina "married Joseph after being told Joseph’s life was in danger from an angel with a flaming sword" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, April 2013)
- Response to claim: "there is no such thing as an insane polygamist god who demanded such sadistic, immoral, adulterous, despicable, and pedophilic behavior" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, April 2013)
- Response to claim: "The secrecy of the marriages and the private and public denials by Joseph Smith are not congruent with honest behavior" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, April 2013)
- Response to claim: "Joseph’s desire to keep this part of his life a secret is what ultimately contributed to his death when he ordered the destruction of the printing press" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, April 2013)
- Response to claim: "The Many Wives of Joseph Smith: 11 Polyandrous Marriages" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, April 2013)
- Response to claim: "Why is there no mention of God commanding Adam or Noah and/or their immediate male children to have many wives?" (Source: Letter to a CES Director: Why I Lost My Testimony, April 2013)
- Response to claim: "Latter-day 'prophet, seer, and revelator' Lorenzo Snow strongly disagrees with FairMormon" (Source: Debunking FAIR's Debunking, July 2014)
Response to claim: "Joseph Smith was married to at least 34 women"
The author(s) of Letter to a CES Director (April 2013 revision) make(s) the following claim:
Joseph Smith was married to at least 34 women.
FAIR's Response
Fact checking results: This claim is based upon correct information - The author is providing knowledge concerning some particular fact, subject, or event
This is correct.Jump to Detail:
Improvement Era (1946): "That Joseph Smith actually was the person who introduced plural marriage into the Church and that he practised it himself are amply proved by existing facts"
"Did Joseph Smith Introduce Plural Marriage," Improvement Era (November 1946):
That Joseph Smith actually was the person who introduced plural marriage into the Church and that he practised it himself are amply proved by existing facts....Many of the women who were thus sealed to Joseph Smith lived long after his death. The declared that they lived with the Prophet as husband and wives. These women were of unblemished character, gentle and lovely in their lives, who spoke with loving respect of their martyr husband. The substantiated in detail the statements of those who performed the ceremonies.[1]
Plural wives of Joseph Smith, Jr.
Summary: This collection of articles lists a number of known plural wives, with responses to critical claims related to specific plural wives of Joseph Smith, Jr.
Jump to Subtopic:
- Fanny Alger
- Louisa Beaman
- Prescindia Lathrop Huntington Buell
- Sarah Kingsley Howe Cleveland
- Agnes Moulton Coolbrith
- Elizabeth Davis Goldsmith Brackenbury Durfee
- Esther Dutcher
- Hannah Ells
- Olive Grey Frost
- Desdemona Catlin Wadsworth Fulmmer
- Lucinda Pendleton Morgan Harris
- Clarissa Reed Hancock
- Elvira Annie Cowles Holmes
- Sarah Maryetta Kingsley Howe
- Marinda Nancy Johnson Hyde
- Vienna Jacques
- Zina Diantha Huntington Jacobs
- Almera Johnson
- Helen Mar Kimball
- Maria Lawrence
- Sarah Lawrence
- Mary Elizabeth Rollins Lightner
- Malissa Lott
- Sylvia Sessions Lyon
- Martha McBride
- Eliza Partridge
- Emily Partridge
- Rhoda Richards
- Ruth Vose Sayers
- Patty Bartlett Sessions
- Delcena Diadamia Johnson Sherman
- "Miss Smith"
- Mary Heron Snider
- Eliza R. Snow
- Lucy Walker
- Sarah Ann Whitney
- Nancy Maria Winchester
- Flora Ann Woodworth
- Fanny Young
Response to claim: "Of those 34 women, 11 of them were married women of other living men"
The author(s) of Letter to a CES Director (April 2013 revision) make(s) the following claim:
Of those 34 women, 11 of them were married women of other living men.
FAIR's Response
Fact checking results: This claim is based upon correct information - The author is providing knowledge concerning some particular fact, subject, or event
Joseph Smith was sealed to the wives of some living men. None of these appears to have been "for time," and none appear to have involved sexual relations, with the possible exception of one woman who had separated from her husband. In all other cases, the women continued to live with their earthly husbands after the sealing.Jump to Detail:
- Question: Was Joseph Smith married or sealed to women who were already married to other living men?
- Gospel Topics on LDS.org: "Joseph Smith was sealed to a number of women who were already married. Neither these women nor Joseph explained much about these sealings, though several women said they were for eternity alone"
- The Joseph Smith Papers: "Several later documents suggest that several women who were already married to other men were, like Marinda Hyde, married or sealed to Joseph Smith"
- Question: What is "Polyandry?"
- Question: What was the nature of Joseph Smith's "polyandrous" marriages?
- Question: Did Joseph Smith consummate any of these marriages with married women?
- Question: Did Joseph Smith have any children through any of his polyandrous marriages?
Question: Was Joseph Smith married or sealed to women who were already married to other living men?
Joseph Smith was sealed to 11 women who were married to men who were still living. Some of these men were even active members of the Church
Among Joseph's plural marriages and/or sealings, between eight to eleven of them were to women who were already married. Of the eight well-documented cases, five of the husbands were Latter-day Saints, and the other three were either not active in or not associated with the Church. In all cases, these women continued to live with their husbands, most of them doing so until their husbands died. These eternal marriages appear to have had little effect upon the lives of the women involved, with the exception that they would be sealed to Joseph in the afterlife rather than to their earthly husbands. One of the most well-known of these "polyandrous" marriages was to Zina Diantha Huntington Jacobs.[2]
Of all the aspects of Joseph Smith's marital theology, this is the most difficult area to understand, because very little primary evidence exists. As one scholar noted:
Perhaps nothing is less understood than Joseph Smith's sealings to women already married, because the evidence supports conflicting interpretations.[3]
These "polyandrous" marriages have given rise to a number of criticisms:
- Why would Joseph be sealed to other men's wives?
- What was the nature of these marriages? Were they consummated?
- Why did these 11 women continue to live with and have children with their husbands even after being sealed to Joseph Smith?
- One critic of the church notes, "Joseph Smith would frequently approach other men’s wives about being his own plural wives..." [4]
At the time that celestial marriage was introduced, it was possible to be married for time to one person and sealed for eternity to another. These marriages appear to have been performed for the purpose of forming dynastic bonds in the afterlife, as there is no evidence that Joseph ever cohabited or had intimate relations with any of these women. No children from these marriages have ever been identified. These were sealings which would only affect Joseph's association with these women in the afterlife.
Gospel Topics on LDS.org: "Joseph Smith was sealed to a number of women who were already married. Neither these women nor Joseph explained much about these sealings, though several women said they were for eternity alone"
"Plural Marriage in Kirtland and Nauvoo," Gospel Topics on LDS.org (October 2014):[5]
Following his marriage to Louisa Beaman and before he married other single women, Joseph Smith was sealed to a number of women who were already married.[6] Neither these women nor Joseph explained much about these sealings, though several women said they were for eternity alone.[7] Other women left no records, making it unknown whether their sealings were for time and eternity or were for eternity alone.
There are several possible explanations for this practice. These sealings may have provided a way to create an eternal bond or link between Joseph’s family and other families within the Church.[8] These ties extended both vertically, from parent to child, and horizontally, from one family to another. Today such eternal bonds are achieved through the temple marriages of individuals who are also sealed to their own birth families, in this way linking families together. Joseph Smith’s sealings to women already married may have been an early version of linking one family to another. In Nauvoo, most if not all of the first husbands seem to have continued living in the same household with their wives during Joseph’s lifetime, and complaints about these sealings with Joseph Smith are virtually absent from the documentary record.[9]
These sealings may also be explained by Joseph’s reluctance to enter plural marriage because of the sorrow it would bring to his wife Emma. He may have believed that sealings to married women would comply with the Lord’s command without requiring him to have normal marriage relationships.[10] This could explain why, according to Lorenzo Snow, the angel reprimanded Joseph for having “demurred” on plural marriage even after he had entered into the practice.34 After this rebuke, according to this interpretation, Joseph returned primarily to sealings with single women.
The Joseph Smith Papers: "Several later documents suggest that several women who were already married to other men were, like Marinda Hyde, married or sealed to Joseph Smith"
"Nauvoo Journals, December 1841–April 1843," The Joseph Smith Papers:
Several later documents suggest that several women who were already married to other men were, like Marinda Hyde, married or sealed to Joseph Smith. Available evidence indicates that some of these apparent polygynous/polyandrous marriages took place during the years covered by this journal. At least three of the women reportedly involved in these marriages—Patty Bartlett Sessions, Ruth Vose Sayers, and Sylvia Porter Lyon—are mentioned in the journal, though in contexts very much removed from plural marriage. Even fewer sources are extant for these complex relationships than are available for Smith’s marriages to unmarried women, and Smith’s revelations are silent on them. Having surveyed the available sources, historian Richard L. Bushman concludes that these polyandrous marriages—and perhaps other plural marriages of Joseph Smith—were primarily a means of binding other families to his for the spiritual benefit and mutual salvation of all involved.[11]
Question: What is "Polyandry?"
Polyandry is one woman married to more than one husband at the same time
The term "polyandry" is derived from the Greek roots "poly" ("many") and "andros" ("men") to describe marriages in which one woman is married to more than one man. The term does not account for the concept of marriage after this life. Therefore, describing some of Joseph Smith's marriages as "polyandrous" implies that he was married to these women in this life, with all that is involved in such a relationship. Evidence does not bear this out, however. In fact, the existing evidence indicates that these women continued to associate with their current husbands. Therefore, by stating that Joseph "married" other men's wives without making the distinction that these sealings applied only to the next life, critics can draw many lascivious conclusions from Joseph's actions. The faithful member may feel uneasy because he has no ready "alibi" for the polyandry material which the gleeful critic insists is a "smoking gun" for Joseph's base motives.
Question: What was the nature of Joseph Smith's "polyandrous" marriages?
Evidence indicates that Joseph was sealed for eternity to eight to eleven women who were married to other men
The fact that these women continue to live with their earthly husbands and even have children by them indicates that the sealings to Joseph Smith were not marriages in the normal sense.
Joseph's sealing to their wives doesn't appear to have changed anything in their daily lives or their relationship to their current husbands
The relationship between these women and their husbands appear to have not changed even after they were sealed to Joseph Smith. Of the eight well-documented cases, five of the husbands were Latter-day Saints, and the other three were either not active in or not associated with the Church. In all cases, these women continued to live with their husbands, most of them doing so until their husbands died. These eternal marriages appear to have had little effect upon the lives of the women involved, with the exception that they would be sealed to Joseph in the afterlife rather than to their earthly husbands.
Question: Did Joseph Smith consummate any of these marriages with married women?
There is no evidence to indicate that Joseph consumated any polyandrous marriages, with one possible exception for a woman who considered herself divorced
The available evidence also does not support the claim that Joseph had intimate relations with these married women. Fawn Brodie, who repeatedly stated her belief that Joseph had intimate relations with many of his plural wives, identified several individuals that she thought “might” be children of Joseph Smith, Jr. Yet, even Brodie noted that “it is astonishing that evidence of other children than these has never come to light.” Brodie postulated, in spite of a complete lack of evidence, that Joseph must have been able to successfully practice some sort of primitive birth control, or that abortions must have been routinely employed.To date, DNA analysis has ruled out Joseph Smith as the father of any of the children of the women to whom he was sealed who were married to other men.
In 1915, Sylvia Sessions Lyon's daughter, Josephine, signed a statement that in 1882 Sylvia "told me that I was the daughter of the Prophet Joseph Smith"
In 1915, Sylvia Sessions Lyon's daughter, Josephine, signed a statement that in 1882 Sylvia "told me that I was the daughter of the Prophet Joseph Smith, she having been sealed to the Prophet at the time that her husband Mr. Lyon was out of fellowship with the Church." It is not known whether Sylvia was referring to her daughter as being a literal descendant of Joseph Smith, or if she was referring to the fact that she had been sealed to the prophet. In any case, in 2016 the daughter was shown by DNA testing to be definitively not the biological daughter of Joseph Smith.[12]
In an article published in Mormon Historical Studies, Brian C. Hales demonstrates that Sylvia considered herself divorced prior to marrying Joseph polygamously. [13]
Question: Did Joseph Smith have any children through any of his polyandrous marriages?
DNA research has, so far, ruled out most who were suspected of being Joseph's children through polyandrous marriages
Mother | Brodie’s claim [14] | Modern evidence |
---|---|---|
Buell |
Brodie claims that “the physiognomy revealed in a rare photograph of Oliver Buell seems to weight the balance overwhelmingly on the side of Joseph’s paternity.” | Oliver Buell is not the son of Joseph Smith, Jr.
DNA research in 2007 confirmed Presendia Huntington Buell’s son Oliver, born sometime in 1838-1839, was the son of Norman Buell.[15] "Only 9 of the 23 genetic markers match when comparing the inferred Oliver Buell haplotype to that of Joseph Smith. Such a low degree of correlation between the two haplotypes provides strong evidence that they belong to two unrelated paternal lineages, thus excluding with high likelihood Joseph Smith Jr. as the biological father of Oliver N. Buell. Further weight is given to this observation by the close match of the inferred haplotype of Owen F. Buell to the independent Buell record in the SMGF data base, which genetic relationship dates back prior to Joseph Smith's era. Additionally, the two genetic profiles were run through a haplogroup predictor algorithm that assigned the Smith haplotypes to a cluster known as R1b and the cluster for the Buell's haplotypes to I1b2a, two deeply divergent clades that separated anciently, thus providing further evidence that the Oliver Buell and Joseph Smith lineages are not closely related" [16] |
Alger |
Brodie states that “[t]here is some evidence that Fannie Alger bore Joseph a child in Kirtland.” | DNA research in 2005 confirmed Fanny Alger’s son Orrison Smith is not the son of Joseph Smith, Jr.[17] |
Hancock |
”Legend among the descendants of Levi W. Hancock points to another son of the prophet. If the legend is true, the child was probably John Reed Hancock, born April 19, 1841.” | Nothing is yet known regarding the patrilineage John Reed Hancock.
John Reed's brother Mosiah is not the son of Joseph Smith, Jr. DNA research in 2007 confirmed Clarissa Hancock's son Mosiah, born 9 April 1834, was the son of Levi Hancock.[18] "A 12-marker haplotype was already available for a paternal descendant of Mosiah Hancock, generated by an independent commercial laboratory. A comparison of the 12 markers to the shortened Joseph Smith haplotype showed only 5 matches, indicating a low likelihood of a biological relationship between Mosiah and Joseph. Additionally, we queried the SMGF database with the 12 Ycs Hancock markers. Six independent records returned matching all 12 markers, all having the surname Hancock with documented connections to Mosiah's grandfather Thomas Hancock III." [19] |
Lightner |
The son of Mary Rollins Lightner “may as easily have been the prophet’s son as that of Adam Lightner.” | George Algernon Lightner, born March 22, 1842, died as an infant and therefore had no descendants. DNA testing cannot help determine paternity. |
Hyde |
Mrs. Orson Hyde’s sons Orson and Frank “could have been Joseph’s sons.” | Orson Washington Hyde, born November 9, 1843, died as an infant and therefore had no descendants. DNA testing cannot help determine paternity. |
Pratt |
Mrs. Parley P. Pratt’s son Moroni “might also be added to this list.” | Moroni Llewellyn Pratt is not the son of Joseph Smith, Jr.
DNA research in 2005 confirmed Mary Ann Frost Pratt's son Moroni, born 7 December 1844, was the son of Parley P. Pratt.[20] |
Snow |
”According to tradition,” Emma beat Eliza Snow and caused her to abort Joseph’s child. | Both LDS and non-LDS reviewers have found several flaws in the story about Eliza.[21] Emma's biographers note that "Eliza continued to teach school for a month after her abrupt departure from the Smith household. Her own class attendance record shows that she did not miss a day during the months she taught the Smith children, which would be unlikely had she suffered a miscarriage."[22] |
Jacobs |
Zina was “about seven months pregnant with Jacobs' child at the time of her marriage to the prophet.” [23] John D. Lee and William Hall stated that Zina had been “pregnant by Smith.” | Zebulon Jacobs is not the son of Joseph Smith, Jr.
DNA research in 2005 confirmed Zina Diantha Huntington Jacobs's son Zebulon was the son of Henry Bailey Jacobs.[24] |
Response to claim: "Among them being Apostle Orson Hyde who was sent on his mission to dedicate Israel when Joseph secretly married his wife, Marinda Hyde"
The author(s) of Letter to a CES Director (April 2013 revision) make(s) the following claim:
Among them being Apostle Orson Hyde who was sent on his mission to dedicate Israel when Joseph secretly married his wife, Marinda Hyde.
FAIR's Response
Fact checking results: This claim contains propaganda - The author, or the author's source, is providing information or ideas in a slanted way in order to instill a particular attitude or response in the reader
The spin: It isn't as simple as the critics wish to portray it.The facts: There are multiple sealing dates - one after Orson had been away for at least one year, and the other after Orson had already returned and asked Joseph to seal him to a plural wife of his own. When Hyde returned, he not only resumed living with his wife Marinda, but they had children together.Jump to Detail:
- Question: What did Orson Hyde, the husband of Marinda Nancy Johnson, know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity?
- Question: Did Joseph Smith send men on missions so that he could secretly marry their wives while they were gone?
- Question: Was Apostle Orson Hyde sent on a mission to dedicate Israel so that Joseph Smith could secretly marry his wife, Marinda Hyde, while he was away?
Logical Fallacy: False Cause—The author assumes that a real or perceived relationship between two events means that one caused the other.
Joseph did not send Orson away on a mission so that he could secretly marry his wife.Question: What did Orson Hyde, the husband of Marinda Nancy Johnson, know about her sealing to Joseph Smith for eternity?
There are contradictory accounts which make it impossible to know for certain whether or not Orson knew of and consented to Marinda's sealing for eternity to Joseph
Marinda Nancy Johnson was married to Orson Hyde. There are contradictory accounts which make it impossible to know for certain whether or not Orson knew of and consented to Marinda's sealing for eternity to Joseph. However, according to Hales, "If the 1842 date for the sealing between Joseph and Marinda marriage is correct, then Joseph may have been sealed to Marinda in an “eternity only” sealing without Orson Hyde’s knowledge." Yet he also notes that "John D. Lee remembered that Orson gave his permission: 'Hyde’s wife, with his consent, was sealed to Joseph for an eternal state.'" [25]
There are two sealing dates for Joseph to Marinda - one during a period of one to two years after Hyde left on his mission, and one after he had already returned
The popular story among critics is that Joseph sent Orson away on his mission so that he could quickly marry his wife Marinda. However, the first sealing date shows that Joseph was sealed to Marinda for eternity one to two years after Hyde had left on his mission, so there was nothing "quick" about it. Furthermore, the evidence indicates that this was an "eternity only" sealing typical of Joseph's other "polyandrous" marriages involving other men's wives. No children are known to have conceived during this time. However, upon Hyde's return, not only did he father children by Marinda, but he also quickly asked Joseph to seal him in a new polygamous marriage of his own.
Todd Compton: “It is striking that Marinda had no children while Orson was on his mission to Jerusalem, then became pregnant soon after Orson returned home”
Fawn Brodie speculated that Mrs. Orson Hyde’s sons Orson and Frank “could have been Joseph’s sons.” [26] Orson Washington Hyde, born November 9, 1843, died as an infant and therefore had no descendants. DNA testing cannot help determine paternity.
Brian Hales notes the following regarding the timeline,
The timeline shows that Apostle Orson Hyde, Marinda’s legal husband, served a mission to Palestine from the spring of 1840 to December 7, 1842. Weeks after his return, Marinda became pregnant with Orson Washington Hyde (conception approximately February 16, 1843) who was born on November 9, 1843. Several authors alleged Joseph Smith practiced sexual polyandry with some of his plural wives including Marinda, despite a mountain of contradictory evidences [27] However, no evidence has been found to connect Joseph Smith with this child. Todd Compton observes: “It is striking that Marinda had no children while Orson was on his mission to Jerusalem, then became pregnant soon after Orson returned home.” [28] They also allege that a second son, Frank Henry Hyde, was father by Joseph Smith under the assumption that he was born January 23, 1845 (conception approximately May 2, 1844). [29] However, his birth certificate and an obituary in the The Ogden Standard, June 29, 1908, “Frank H. Hyde Dies Suddenly,” both corroborate a January 23, 1846, birthdate (May 2, 1845, approximate conception). [30][31]
Hales continues,
If the 1842 date for the sealing between Joseph and Marinda marriage is correct, then Joseph may have been sealed to Marinda in an “eternity only” sealing without Orson Hyde’s knowledge. While such a sealing would not have affected her civil union with Orson, a late second-hand report from exposé author Ann Eliza Webb Young states:
When Joseph Smith first taught polygamy, and gave the wives as well as the husbands opportunity to make new choice of life-partners, Mrs. Hyde, at that time a young and quite prepossessing woman, became one of the Prophet’s numerous fancies. . . . Hyde was away on a mission at the time, and when he returned, he, in turn, imbibed the teachings of polygamy also, and prepared to extend his kingdom indefinitely. In the mean time it was hinted to him that Smith had had his first wife sealed to himself in his absence, as a wife for eternity. Inconsistent as it may seem, Hyde was in a furious passion.” [32]
However, John D. Lee remembered that Orson gave his permission: “Hyde’s wife, with his consent, was sealed to Joseph for an eternal state.” [33][31]
Hyde requested that Joseph perform his own plural marriage just a few weeks after returning from his mission
Hales concludes,
Whatever the sequence, Orson appealed to Joseph to perform his own plural marriage weeks after returning from his mission stating in 1869: “In the month of February or March, 1843, I was married to Miss Martha R. Browitt, by Joseph Smith, the martyred prophet, and by him she was sealed to me for time and all eternity in Nauvoo, Illinois.” [34]
The details of the relationship between Marinda and the Prophet will probably never be known. If Marinda had chosen Joseph as her eternal husband, she apparently changed her mind because she chose to be sealed to her legal husband Orson Hyde in the Nauvoo temple on January 11, 1846.
However, Marinda Nancy Johnson relocated to Salt Lake City in 1852 and later divorced Orson Hyde. She died in 1886, having kept the faith in the Church established by her eternal husband.[31]
The accounts of the sealing of Marinda to Joseph
Much of what we know about the Hyde sealing is also contaminated by hostile, mutually contradictory accounts that contain some known false information.
Author | Date | Claim | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Sidney Rigdon[35] | 1845 |
|
Contrary to claim, Orson continued to live with Miranda and father children by her. |
William Hall[36] | 1852 |
|
Very unlikely—no record of others mocking Hyde; Hall is unreliable on other marriages as well. [37] Orson's return to the quorum was in June 1839, [38] putting Hall's account two years too early for marriage. [39] |
Ann Eliza Young[40] | 1876 |
|
Too young to have any first-hand knowledge of Nauvoo, her book's intent was clearly to titillate with stories of polygamous intrigue. Claims that Brigham told Orson that she was only to be his wife for time, and Joseph's for eternity—but this is frankly false, since sealed to Orson in early 1846. [41] She also confuses the temporality, since she describes Hyde "in a furious passion," because "he thought it no harm for him to win the affection of another man's wife… but he did not propose having his rights interfered with even by the holy Prophet whose teachings he so implicitly followed" (326). Yet, Orson did not begin practicing plural marriage until after he knew of Miranda's sealing to Joseph. |
John D. Lee[42] | 1877 |
|
Lee's work was published posthumously and may have been altered by anti-Mormon editor. |
A biography of Marinda Nancy Johnson may be viewed on Brian and Laura Hales' website "josephsmithspolygamy.org". off-site
Question: Did Joseph Smith send men on missions so that he could secretly marry their wives while they were gone?
This claim is contradicted by the historical data
It is claimed that Joseph Smith sent men away on a missions so that he could secretly marry their wives while they were away.
Researcher Brian C. Hales noted that this claim is without foundation:
Another detail in [John C.] Bennett's Pittsburgh affidavit is that the Prophet had sent men on missions so he could marry their wives in Nauvoo. This statement is contradicted by historical data. Of the twelve "polyandrous" husbands identified by Todd Compton, ten were not on missions at the time Joseph was sealed to their legal wives. Of the two possible exceptions, only one, Orson Hyde, is documented as on a mission at the time of Marinda Johnson Hyde's sealing to Joseph Smith. The second possible case involves George Harris, who left on his fourteen-month mission in July 1840. His wife, Lucinda may have been...sealed to Joseph Smith at some point, but the date is unavailable.[43]
Question: Was Apostle Orson Hyde sent on a mission to dedicate Israel so that Joseph Smith could secretly marry his wife, Marinda Hyde, while he was away?
Jump to details:
- Question: Was Apostle Orson Hyde sent on a mission to dedicate Israel so that Joseph Smith could secretly marry his wife, Marinda Hyde, while he was away?
- Orson was involved briefly with apostasy at Far West in the fall of 1838, but had returned to the Church by March 1839
- If the earlier sealing date is correct, Orson had been on his mission for about a year before the sealing
- The Hydes divorced in 1870, but Marinda was sealed to Orson following Joseph's death
- Marinda's children Orson W. Hyde and Frank Henry Hyde
Response to claim: "Joseph was 37-years-old when he married 14-year-old Helen Mar Kimball"
The author(s) of Letter to a CES Director (April 2013 revision) make(s) the following claim:
Joseph was 37-years-old when he married 14-year-old Helen Mar Kimball, twenty-three years his junior. Even by 19th century standards, this is pedophilia.
FAIR's Response
Fact checking results: The author has stated erroneous information or misinterpreted their sources
The mistake: All available evidence indicates that Joseph was sealed to Helen for eternity, and that it was at her father's request. If the union was also intended to be "for time" as well as eternity, the available evidence indicates that such marriages were not consummated until the wife had reached a certain age.The facts: Helen continued to live with her parents. There is no evidence of sexual relations. On the contrary, the fact that Helen was not called upon to testify in the Temple Lot case, despite the fact that she was available for such testimony, is evidence against her ever having had sexual relations with Joseph. The Church only called upon those women to testify who could attest to the nature of Joseph's plural marriages. Helen went on to become a big supporter of plural marriage in her adult years.Jump to Detail:
|L2=Question: Was Helen Mar Kimball's marriage to Joseph Smith ever consummated? |L3=Question: Did Helen Mar Kimball "confess" to having marital relations with Joseph? |L4=Question: What were Helen Mar Kimball's views on plural marriage? |L5=Helen Mar Kimball: "I have encouraged and sustained my husband in the celestial order of marriage because I knew it was right" }}
Question: What were the circumstances surrounding the sealing of Helen Mar Kimball to Joseph Smith?
Jump to details:
- Question: What were the circumstances surrounding the sealing of Helen Mar Kimball to Joseph Smith?
- Helen’s father, Heber C. Kimball, had the most active part in bringing Helen and Joseph together
- Brigham Young instructed polygamous men to wait to consummate their sealings to younger brides until they were at least eighteen
- Helen was not called to testify in the Temple Lot case, in which the Church was attempting to prove that Joseph had normal marital relations with some of his plural wives, even though she was available
- Helen became an advocate of plural marriage and vigorously defended it
Question: Was Helen Mar Kimball's marriage to Joseph Smith ever consummated?
Jump to details:
- Question: Was Helen Mar Kimball's marriage to Joseph Smith ever consummated?
- Critics generally do not reveal that their sources have concluded that Helen's marriage to Joseph Smith was never consummated
- Helen wrote a poem entitled "Reminiscences," which is often cited by critics
- Helen was disappointed that she was not permitted to attend a party or a dance
Question: Did Helen Mar Kimball "confess" to having marital relations with Joseph?
Jump to details:
- Question: Did Helen Mar Kimball "confess" to having marital relations with Joseph?
- Helen allegedly said "I would never have been sealed to Joseph had I known it was anything more than ceremony"
- The source of the statement is "suspect"
- In order for this story to be true, Helen would be telling a story at variance with all other things that she wrote
- If we accept the statement as valid, we may interpret it in other ways than conjugality.
Question: What were Helen Mar Kimball's views on plural marriage?
Jump to details:
- Question: What were Helen Mar Kimball's views on plural marriage?
- Helen disliked plural marriage because of the difficulties it placed on her mother
Helen Mar Kimball: "I have encouraged and sustained my husband in the celestial order of marriage because I knew it was right"
Jump to details:
Response to claim: "Even by 19th century standards, this is pedophilia"
The author(s) of Letter to a CES Director (April 2013 revision) make(s) the following claim:
[Regarding the sealing of Joseph to 14-year-old Helen Mar Kimball]: Even by 19th century standards, this is pedophilia.
FAIR's Response
Fact checking results: This claim is false
The falsehood: No, actually it isn't pedophilia.The facts: Joseph being sealed to Helen does not meet the definition of "pedophilia." The term "pedophilia" is defined by the Encyclopedia Britannica as "psychosexual disorder in which an adult has sexual fantasies about or engages in sexual acts with a prepubescent child of the same or the opposite sex". Pedophilia requires that the adult involved have sexual acts with a prepubescent child.Jump to Detail:
Logical Fallacy: Appeal to Emotion—The author attempts to manipulate the reader's emotional response instead of presenting a valid argument.
<While the term "pedophilia" is a favorite of some critics for its emotional punch, any supposed sexual interaction between Joseph and Helen appears only in the minds of critics, without supporting evidence.Response to claim: "The Church now admits that Joseph Smith married 14-year-old Helen Mar Kimball in its October 2014 Plural Marriage in Kirtland and Nauvoo essay"
The author(s) of Letter to a CES Director (October 2014 revision) make(s) the following claim:
The Church now admits that Joseph Smith married 14-year-old Helen Mar Kimball in its October 2014 Plural Marriage in Kirtland and Nauvoo essay
FAIR's Response
Fact checking results: This claim contains propaganda - The author, or the author's source, is providing information or ideas in a slanted way in order to instill a particular attitude or response in the reader
The spin: The idea that this was recently revealed is the critics' "spin," given that this information was provided by the Church back in 1882.The facts: The Church "admitted" this in 1882, over 130 years ago! Helen Mar Kimball Whitney wrote all about it in “Scenes in Nauvoo,” Woman’s Exponent 11, no. 5 (August 1, 1882)
Response to claim: "Among the women was a mother-daughter set and three sister sets"
The author(s) of Letter to a CES Director (April 2013 revision) make(s) the following claim:
Among the women [who were Joseph Smith's polygamous wives] was a mother-daughter set and three sister sets.
FAIR's Response
Fact checking results: This claim contains propaganda - The author, or the author's source, is providing information or ideas in a slanted way in order to instill a particular attitude or response in the reader
The spin: For the shock value, the author has invoked a biblical prohibition under the Mosaic law and applied it to 19th century plural marriage.The facts: Joseph Smith was not observing the biblical Mosaic Law, which was fulfilled and done away with at the time of Jesus Christ.Jump to Detail:
- Question: Does the Bible prohibit polygamous marriages involving a mother and daughter?
- Question: Did Joseph Smith being sealed to mothers, daughters and sisters violate a biblical prohibition?
Question: Does the Bible prohibit polygamous marriages involving a mother and daughter?
A biblical prohibition under the Mosaic law prohibited polygamous marriages involving a mother and daughter or two sisters
A biblical prohibition under the Mosaic law prohibited polygamous marriages involving a mother and daughter:
Neither shalt thou take a wife to her sister, to vex her, to uncover her nakedness, beside the other in her life time. Leviticus 18꞉18
The law also prohibited one from marrying two sisters:
And if a man take a wife and her mother, it is wickedness: they shall be burnt with fire, both he and they; that there be no wickedness among you. Leviticus 20꞉14
Question: Did Joseph Smith being sealed to mothers, daughters and sisters violate a biblical prohibition?
Joseph Smith did not restore the practice of plural marriage according to Mosaic law—plural marriage was practiced prior to the institution of the Mosaic law without these restrictions
Joseph Smith did not restore the practice of plural marriage according to Mosaic law—plural marriage was practiced prior to the institution of the Mosaic law without these restrictions. A well-known example is Jacob, whose name was changed to Israel: He was married to the two sisters Rachel and Leah.
For example, the Hebrew law of "levirate marriage" actually required a man to take his childless deceased brother's wife as his own wife in order to produce offspring for his brother
It should also be noted that the biblical practice of levirate marriage, as defined by Hebrew law, required a man to take his childless deceased brother's wife as his own wife in order to produce offspring for his brother. This was also a case of marrying two sisters.
Deuteronomy 25꞉5-6 states,
5 If brethren dwell together, and one of them die, and have no child, the wife of the dead shall not marry without unto a stranger: her husband’s brother shall go in unto her, and take her to him to wife, and perform the duty of an husband’s brother unto her.
6 And it shall be, that the firstborn which she beareth shall succeed in the name of his brother which is dead, that his name be not put out of Israel.
From the Wikipedia article "Levirate marriage":
Levirate marriage is a type of marriage in which the brother of a deceased man is obliged to marry his brother's widow, and the widow is obliged to marry her deceased husband's brother.....A levirate marriage (Hebrew: yibbum) is mandated by Deuteronomy 25:5-6 of the Hebrew Bible and obliges a brother to marry the widow of his childless deceased brother, with the firstborn child being treated as that of the deceased brother, (see also Genesis 38:8) which renders the child the heir of the deceased brother and not the genetic father. [44]
Response to claim: "Some of the marriages to these women included promises by Joseph of eternal life to the girls and their families"
The author(s) of Letter to a CES Director (April 2013 revision) make(s) the following claim:
Some of the marriages to these women included promises by Joseph of eternal life to the girls and their families.
FAIR's Response
Fact checking results: This claim is based upon correct information - The author is providing knowledge concerning some particular fact, subject, or event
The principle of plural marriage was portrayed as a means of attaining eternal life.Jump to Detail:
Were plural wives forced into the marriage?
Plural wives were not forced into marriage
Brian Hales:
Some writers affirm that Joseph Smith put pressure on women to marry him. They portray him almost as a predator gallivanting about Nauvoo seeking new wives, even marrying other men’s spouses. While it makes for an entertaining storyline, it does not square with the historical record. One of Joseph’s plural wives, Lucy Walker, remembered the Prophet's counsel: "A woman would have her choice, this was a privilege that could not be denied her." The Prophet taught that eternal marriage was necessary for exaltation and encouraged all those he taught to comply, but he always respected their agency and choices in the matter.[45]
How many Mormon women refused offers of plural marriage?
It is difficult to know how many women refused plural marriage—if they said nothing, then we may have no way of knowing if they refused. Some cited in LDS sources include:
- Sarah Granger Kimball
- Rachel Ivins (Grant)
- Lydia Moon
- Cordelia C. Morley (Cox)
- Esther M. Johnson
- Nancy Rigdon - daughter of Sidney Rigdon
- Sarah Pratt - wife of Orson Pratt[46]
Anti-Mormon sources list several other possibilities, but it is hard to know how far to trust them. As Compton notes, "Some ... are fairly well documented; others are sensationalist and badly documented." These include:
- Jane Silverthorne (Law) - wife of William Law
- Leonora Cannon (Taylor) - wife of John Taylor
- Melissa Schindle
- Emeline White
- Mrs. Robert Foster
- Pamela Michael
- Mrs. Caroline Grant Smith
- Lucy Smith Milligan (or Miliken)
- Lavina Smith
- Miss Marks - daughter of William Marks
- Athalia Rigdon[47]
Critical sources |
|
Did any woman suffer consequences for turning down Joseph's proposal?
Two women afterward attacked Joseph's character and misrepresented his offer, to which Joseph responded. Those who did not were left strictly alone
There are numerous accounts of women to whom Joseph proposed plural marriage, who turned him down.
Two women afterward attacked Joseph's character and misrepresented his offer. He responded. Those who did not were left strictly alone. There were no consequences to these women. Sarah Kimball reported Joseph's mild reaction to the rejection:
Early in the year 1842, Joseph Smith taught me the principle of marriage for eternity, and the doctrine of plural marriage. He said that in teaching this he realized that he jeopardized his life; but God had revealed it to him many years before as a privilege with blessings, now God had revealed it again and instructed him to teach it with commandment, as the Church could travel (progress) no further without the introduction of this principle. I asked him to teach it to some one else. He looked at me reprovingly, and said, 'Will you tell me who to teach it to? God required me to teach it to you, and leave you with the responsibility of believing or disbelieving.‘ He said, 'I will not cease to pray for you, and if you will seek unto God in prayer you will not be led into temptation.'[48]
(Sarah's husband was not a member of the Church until 1843. There was some tension between him and Joseph as a result of this episode, but he seems to have resolved any animosity he held for the prophet.[49] They were later to go Utah with the Saints, where Sarah assumed a prominent role in the Relief Society. Her husband died while en route to a mission in Hawaii.[50]
Other women loudly trumpeted the plural marriage doctrine in Nauvoo and the hostile press. These women's testimony and character were generally attacked to try to discredit them in an effort to preserve the secrecy which surrounded plural marriage. (This factor is complicated by the fact that at least some were guilty of inappropriate behavior (e.g., likely Sarah Pratt). Despite attacks on their character, some remained in Nauvoo and likewise suffered no physical harm (e.g., Nancy Rigdon).
Were women put under "tremendous pressure" to accept a proposal of plural marriage?
Given that the Saints believed Joseph was a prophet, any command from him would carry significant weight
- No one was coerced or forced into marriage (see above). However, given that the Saints believed Joseph was a prophet, any command from him would carry significant weight.
- Despite this, the reported initial reactions are all negative: these women were strong-minded, and did not simply obey because Joseph told them to.
- Because of their distaste for the idea, many plural wives reported divine revelations that confirmed the truth of plural marriage. Joseph encouraged women to seek for such divine confirmation.
Did Joseph Smith give a woman only one day to decide about entering a plural marriage, and would refusal mean terrible consequences?
One woman was told that the opportunity for plural marriage would expire in twenty-four hours. She was not threatened with damnation or physical consequences
This claim distorts the account of Lucy Walker. Joseph offered to teach Lucy about plural marriage, but she angrily refused:
When the Prophet Joseph Smith first mentioned the principle of plural marriage to me I became very indignant and told him emphatically that I did not wish him to ever mention it to me again....and so expressed myself to him....He counseled me, however, to pray to the Lord for light and understanding in relation thereto, and promised me if I would do so sincerely, I should receive a testimony of the correctness of the principle. Before praying I felt gloomy and downcast; in fact, I was so entirely given up to despair that I felt tired of life...."
Joseph then said nothing more to her for at least four months (and possibly as long as sixteen). Lucy continues:
[I] was so unwilling to consider the matter favorably that I fear I did not ask in faith for light. Gross darkness instead of light took possession of my mind. I was tempted and tortured beyond endurance until life was not desirable....The Prophet discerned my sorrow. He saw how unhappy I was, and sought an opportunity of again speaking to me on this subject....
[He said] "I have no flattering words to offer. It is a command of God to you. I will give you until tomorrow to decide this matter. If you reject this message the gate will be closed forever against you."
- – Lucy Walker, italics added
Lucy was told that the opportunity for plural marriage would expire in twenty-four hours. She was not threatened with damnation or physical consequences. Yet, she did not meekly obey:
This aroused every drop of scotch in my veins...I felt at this moment that I was called to place myself upon the altar a living Sacrafice, perhaps to brook the world in disgrace and incur the displeasure and contempt of my youthful companions; all my dreams of happiness blown to the four winds, this was too much, the thought was unbearable.... I...at last found utterance and said, "Although you are a prophet of God you could not induce me to take a step of so great importance, unless I knew that God approved my course. I would rather die. I have tried to pray but received no comfort, no light....The same God who has sent this message is the Being I have worshipped from my early childhood and He must manifest His will to me."
Joseph's response:
He walked across the room, returned, and stood before me. With the most beautiful expression of countenance, he said, "God almighty bless you. You shall have a manifestation of the will of God concerning you; a testimony that you can never deny. I will tell you what it shall be. It shall be that peace and joy that you never knew."
That night, Lucy reported:
It was near after another sleepless night when my room was lighted up by a heavenly influence. To me it was, in comparison, like the brilliant sun bursting through the darkest cloud. The words of the Prophet were indeed fulfilled. My soul was filled with a calm, sweet peace that "I never knew." Supreme happiness took possession of me, and I received a powerful and irresistible testimony of the truth of plural marriage, which has been like an anchor to the soul through all the trials of life. I felt that I must go out into the morning air and give vent to the joy and gratitude that filled my soul. As I descended the stairs, President Smith opened the door below, took me by the hand and said, "Thank God, you have the testimony. I too have prayed." He led me to a chair, placed his hands upon my head, and blessed me with every blessing my heart could possibly desire.
- – Lucy Walker
Even with Lucy's revelation and consent, Joseph then sought the permission of her oldest male relative in Nauvoo, her brother William Holmes Walker. He said:
The Prophet invited me to hitch up my horse with one of his...and to ride with him....On this occasion the subject of celestial, or plural marriage, was introduced to me. As we returned home he remarked, 'If there was anything I did not understand to hold on a little, and I would understand it."....In the spring of 1843, my father, being away on a mission, the Prophet asked my consent, for my sister Lucy in Marriage. I replied that if it was her free will and choice, I had no objection....
When father returned from his mission, the matter being fully explained in connection with the doctrine, received his endorsement and all parties concerned received his approbation.
- — William Holmes Walker
This is the only case of any kind of deadline being given, and it only came because Joseph saw how unhappy Lucy was as she hesitated with a decision over a period of months.
Did Joseph claim that an angel threatened him with a "drawn sword" or "flaming sword" if a woman refused to marry him?
The references to the "angel with a sword" refer to Joseph's postponement of the initiation of polygamy
Zina Diantha Huntington Jacobs said that Joseph mentioned an angel with a drawn sword.[51] The account of a "flaming" sword came from Eliza Snow and Orson F. Whitney.
The "angel with a sword" reference refers to Joseph's postponement of the practice of polygamy. Brian Hales notes that,
"Twenty-one accounts by nine polygamy insiders left recollections that the Prophet told of one specific reason: an angel with a sword who threatened him if he did not proceed. All nine witnesses could have heard the statement from the Prophet himself; however, the narratives themselves suggest that Benjamin F. Johnson and Eliza R. Snow may have been repeating information gathered from other people. Joseph Lee Robinson's narrative is difficult to date and his actual source is not clear. Lorenzo Snow, Erastus Snow, and Mary Elizabeth Rollins Lightner quote the Prophet directly and Mary Elizabeth provides details not available elsewhere. Unfortunately, with the possible exception of the Robinson account, all of the reminiscences date to at least twenty to thirty years after the event." [52]
Here are the quotes attributed to Zina on the matter:
1881: Zina Huntington—Zina D. Young told of Bro. Joseph's remark in relation to the revelation on celestial marriage. How an angel came to him with a drawn sword, and said if he did not obey this law he would lost his priesthood; and in the keeping of it he, Joseph, did not know but it would cost him his life. [53]
1894: Zina Huntington—[Joseph] sent word to me by my brother, saying, 'Tell Zina I put it off and put it off till an angel with a drawn sword stood by me and told me if I did not establish that principle upon the earth, I would lost my position and my life.'" [54]
Were women "locked in a room" in order to convince them to accept plural marriage?
While Nancy Rigdon and Martha Brotherton were likely approached about plural marriage in private, it is unlikely that they were locked in rooms or confined against their will
The author of Nauvoo Polygamy:..."but we called it celestial marriage," claims that "…both Nancy [Rigdon] and Martha [Brotherton] were…isolated in a locked room during the...effort" to persuade them to practice plural marriage.[55]
The claims about being "locked in a room," while dramatic, seem unlikely. Much of the evidence hinges on the unreliable and vindictive John C. Bennett, who published the exposé, The History of the Saints, or an Exposé of Joe Smith and Mormonism. While Nancy and Martha were likely approached about plural marriage in private, it is unlikely that they were locked in rooms or confined against their will.
Hyrum Smith touched upon this subject during a Conference talk on April 6, 1842:
He [Hyrum Smith] then spoke in contradiction of a report in circulation about Elder Kimball, B. Young, himself, and others of the Twelve, alledging that a sister had been shut in a room for several days, and that they had endeavored to induce her to believe in having two wives...
Pres't. J. Smith spoke upon the subject of the stories respecting Elder Kimball and others, showing the folly and inconsistency of spending any time in conversing about such stories or hearkening to them, for there is no person that is acquainted with our principles would believe such lies, except Sharp the editor of the "Warsaw Signal."[56]
The claim that Martha was locked in a room for "days" is likely an exaggerated rumor: It was more likely "about ten minutes" while Joseph was summoned
RLDS authors Richard and Pamela Price, who firmly believed that Joseph did not practice plural marriage, uses the Times and Seasons account to assert that Martha "changed her story" regarding the length of time during which she was held in the room:
The records show that Martha changed her story. As Hyrum reported to the Conference, at first she had told that she was locked in a room for days. But since that was such a ridiculous, unbelievable story, she changed it in her St. Louis affidavit to read that Brigham locked her in Joseph's office for only "about ten minutes."
However, we have no access to Martha's original story, so the Prices' assumption that Martha originally claimed that she was held in the room for a number of days cannot be verified. The source of the claim that Martha was held in the room for "days" is likely an exaggeration, however, the source of the rumor cannot be determined. The claim that she was locked in the office for "about ten minutes" while Joseph was summoned seems much more plausible.
The Prices provide additional reasoning against the idea that Martha was in the room for a number of days,
It would have been impossible for Martha to have been imprisoned in any room in the Red Brick Store without it being detected. In fact, she could not have gone up and down the stairs and from room to room without being observed by many. The store was a small, two-story building, and Joseph's office was only about ten feet square. Since dozens of people came to the store daily, her calls for help would have been heard. Martha had but one witness—John Bennett, who asserted in the Sangamo Journal for July 15, 1842, "She was locked up ... I saw her taken into the accursed room."
If Martha's story had been true, there would have been many witnesses, because Joseph' s store was the hub of activity in Nauvoo. People came to the store to buy everything from food to footwear. The store building also housed the headquarters for the Church and the city. There, the people paid their tithing and taxes, and conducted banking and real estate business. The store was alive with people by day and by night, for it was also in constant use as a civic and religious center…."[57]
One suspects Bennett's influence in this part of the story, since Bennett would likewise claim Joseph locked him in a room. In Bennett's case, the story is unworkable and contradicted by a non-LDS eyewitnesses.[58]
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